Metrohm Autolab Instruments for electrochemical research 02 Metrohm Autolab • Founded in 1986 • Based in Utrecht, The Netherlands • Since 1999 part of the Metrohm Group • Introduced the first computer controlled potentiostat/galvanostat • Develops and produces the high quality Autolab range of products • Strong background in electrochemistry • Supported by the worldwide Metrohm distribution network • Three years factory warranty on all instruments • Dedicated to research International presence Eco Chemie – Metrohm Autolab 03 Eco Chemie was founded in 1986 and is since 1999 a Metrohm Autolab based in Utrecht, The Netherlands, member of the Metrohm group of companies. In 2009 designs and manufactures Autolab instruments, acces-the company name changed to Metrohm Autolab to sories, and software for electrochemistry. reflect the customer oriented combination of the worldwide Metrohm sales and support organization and the Known for innovation, the Autolab was the first commerhigh quality Autolab series of instruments developed by cial digital potentiostat/galvanostat, that was completely Eco Chemie. computer controlled. Our latest software package NOVA has again set a high standard for powerful electrochemi-Metrohm Autolab is an ISO 9001 certified company. cal research software. With our background and knowledge in electrochemistry and our worldwide distributor network, our mission is to serve the research community all over the world by supplying state of the art instruments and unrivalled support. All Metrohm Autolab instruments are covered by a three year factory warranty. 04 Metrohm Autolab – part of the global Metrohm Group Metrohm Autolab is a member of the global Metrohm Autolab products can be combined easily with many Group. Since the first days of the Autolab company, Metrohm instruments, notably for automation. This fur-Autolab products have been designed to be as open as ther extends the possibilities of the products offered by possible in order to facilitate their integration within both companies and provides the means to setup unique electrochemical experimental setups. automated electrochemical workstations. 05 The Autolab N series The N series are state of the art, high end modular Poten tiostat/Galvanostat instruments. Each device in this product range benefits from over two decades of experience in design and production. Regardless of the field of application, the instruments in PGSTAT128N the N series are designed to address any electrochemical 12 V / 800 mA measurement. The modular concept provides the means for the instrument to grow with your needs of today and tomorrow. Autolab instruments are known worldwide for their very high quality and reliability. Metrohm Autolab only uses the best and most robust components in the design of their products, which in turn makes the instruments in PGSTAT302N the N series the ideal choice for your research. 30 V / 2000 mA PGSTAT100N 100 V / 250 mA 06 High performance Autolab/PGSTAT302N Key features Autolab/PGSTAT302N is a modular high power poten- • Electrode connections 2, 3, and 4 tiostat/galvanostat with a maximum current of 2 A (with • Potential range +/- 10 V BOOSTER20A 20 A) and compliance voltage of 30 V. • Compliance voltage +/- 30 V The PGSTAT302N is the benchmark for high speed digital • Maximum current +/- 2 A potentiostat/galvanostat instruments. (20 A with BOOSTER20A) • Current ranges 1 A to 10 nA, in 9 decades With a bandwidth of over 1 MHz, the PGSTAT302N can (expandable to 100 pA be fitted with all the available Autolab modules, making with ECD module) it not only the fastest but also the most versatile member • Potential accuracy +/- 0.2% of the Autolab N series. Analog and digital inputs and • Potential resolution 0.3 µV outputs for interfacing and controlling external devices • Current accuracy +/- 0.2% are available. • Current resolution 0.0003% (of current range) • Input impedance > 1 TOhm Optional modules • Potentiostat bandwidth 1 MHz • BOOSTER10A • Computer interface USB • BOOSTER20A • Control software NOVA • FRA32M • ECI10M • ADC10M • SCAN250 • ECD • FI20 • ECN • pX1000 • EQCM • BA • MUX 07 Modular design Autolab/PGSTAT128N Key features The entry level member of the modular Autolab instru- • Electrode connections 2, 3, and 4 ments family, the Autolab/PGSTAT128N is a low noise • Potential range +/- 10 V and fast potentiostat/galvanostat capable of measuring • Compliance voltage +/- 12 V maximum 800 mA (10 A with BOOSTER10A), with a • Maximum current +/- 800 mA compliance voltage of 12 V. The Autolab/PGSTAT128N is (10 A with BOOSTER10A) a high performance low cost option for electrochemical • Current ranges 1 A to 10 nA, in 9 decades measurements in small cells. This budget instrument is (expandable to 100 pA the ideal choice for all low current applications where with ECD module) performance is important. • Potential accuracy +/- 0.2% • Potential resolution 0.3 µV The users can customize and enhance the capabilities of • Current accuracy +/- 0.2% the Autolab/PGSTAT128N by adding one or more of the • Current resolution 0.0003% (of current range) optional modules or accessories. Analog and digital in - • Input impedance > 1 TOhm puts and outputs for interfacing and controlling external • Potentiostat bandwidth 500 kHz devices are available. • Computer interface USB • Control software NOVA Optional modules • BOOSTER10A • FRA32M • ECI10M • ADC10M • SCAN250 • ECD • FI20 • ECN • pX1000 • EQCM • BA • MUX 08 High voltage applications Autolab/PGSTAT100N Key features A high voltage potentiostat/galvanostat with a compli- • Electrode connections 2, 3, and 4 ance voltage of 100 V and maximum current of 250 mA • Potential range +/- 10 V (10 A with BOOSTER10A), the Autolab PGSTAT100N is • Compliance voltage +/- 100 V designed to address the needs of scientists doing electro- • Maximum current +/- 250 mA chemical measurements in extreme conditions such as (10 A with BOOSTER10A) organic electrolytes, soil, concrete etc. • Current ranges 100 mA to 10 nA, in 8 decades (expandable to The modular PGSTAT100N is especially adapted for ex - 100 pA with ECD module) periments in electrolytes with low conductivity. The user • Potential accuracy +/- 0.2% can customize and enhance the capabilities of the • Potential resolution 0.3 µV PGSTAT100N by adding one or more of the available • Current accuracy +/- 0.2% optio nal modules or accessories. Analog and digital in - • Current resolution 0.0003% (of current range) puts and outputs for interfacing and controlling external • Input impedance > 100 GOhm devices are available. • Potentiostat bandwidth 400 kHz • Computer interface USB Optional modules • Control software NOVA • BOOSTER10A • FRA32M • ADC10M • SCAN250 • ECD • FI20 • BA 03 09 The Autolab compact series The compact series combines strong performance with a minimum footprint. These small instruments are designed to fit the requirements for most electrochemical experiments. Two products are provided in this series: the compact PGSTAT101 and modular PGSTAT204. PGSTAT101 10 V / 100 mA PGSTAT204 20 V / 400 mA 02 10 Entry level Autolab/PGSTAT101 Key features The entry level in the Autolab range of electrochemical • Electrode connections 2, 3, and 4 instruments, the Autolab/PGSTAT101 in combination • Potential range +/- 10 V with the powerful NOVA software, can be used for most • Compliance voltage +/- 10 V of the standard electrochemical techniques. Autolab/ • Maximum current +/- 100 mA PGSTAT101 is an affordable potentiostat/galvanostat • Current ranges 10 mA to 10 nA, with out compromising on quality and specifications, in 7 decades making it an ideal instrument for students and educa- • Potential accuracy +/- 0.2% tional purposes. • Potential resolution 3 µV • Current accuracy +/- 0.2% The small footprint allows you to place a high quality • Current resolution 0.0003% (of current range) potentiostat/galvanostat on a crowded workbench. Ana- • Input impedance > 100 GOhm log and digital inputs and outputs for interfacing and • Potentiostat bandwidth 1 MHz controlling external devices are available. The Autolab/ • Computer interface USB PGSTAT101 comes with an internal dummy cell and a • Control software NOVA built- in analog integrator. 03 11 Compact yet modular Autolab/PGSTAT204 Key features The Autolab PGSTAT204 combines a small footprint with • Electrode connections 2, 3, and 4 modular design. The instrument includes a base poten- • Potential range +/- 10 V tiostat/galvanostat with a compliance voltage of 20 V • Compliance voltage +/- 20 V and a ma ximum current of 400 mA (10 A with • Maximum current +/- 400 mA BOOSTER10A). The potentiostat can be ex panded at any (10 A with BOOSTER10A) time with one additional module, for example the • Current ranges 100 mA to 10 nA, FRA32M electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in 8 decades module. • Potential accuracy +/- 0.2% • Potential resolution 3 µV The PGSTAT204 is an affordable instrument which can be • Current accuracy +/- 0.2% located anywhere in the lab. Analog and digital inputs/ • Current resolution 0.0003% (of current range) out puts are available to interface with external equipments. • Input impedance > 100 GOhm The PGSTAT204 includes a built-in analog integrator. • Potentiostat bandwidth 1 MHz • Computer interface USB Optional modules • Control software NOVA • BOOSTER10A • FRA32M • pX1000 • MUX • BA • EQCM 12 The Autolab Multi channel series The Multi Autolab series consists of modular multi channel instruments. Each instrument can accomodate up to 12 individual potentiostat/galvanostat modules. Additionnally, extra modules can be added to the instrument providing the means to customize each channel for a specific electrochemical measurement. Multi Autolab/M101 10 V / 100 mA Two Multi Autolab systems are provided in this series: the M101 and the M204. The Autolab Multi channel series instruments are controlled through NOVA software. Multi Autolab/M204 20 V / 400 mA 13 Multi Channel with modularity The Multi Autolab with M101 is a multi channel version Key features of the compact PGSTAT101. Up to 12 individual M101 • Electrode connections 2, 3, and 4 modules can be located inside the Multi Autolab, allow- • Potential range +/- 10 V ing simultaneous independent measurements on as • Compliance voltage +/- 10 V many electrochemical cells. • Maximum current +/- 100 mA • Current ranges 10 mA to 10 nA, Multi Autolab/M101 The individual channels can be adressed from up to three in 7 decades 10 V / 100 mA individual computers using the built-in hub. Additionally, • Potential accuracy +/- 0.2% measurements on different channels can be synchro- • Potential resolution 3 µV nized at any time. • Current accuracy +/- 0.2% • Current resolution 0.0003% (of current range) Each M101 potentiostat/galvanostat is fitted wiht an • Input impedance > 100 GOhm internal dummy cell and a built-in integrator and can be • Potentiostat bandwidth 1 MHz coupled to one additional optional module. • Computer interface USB • Control software NOVA Optional modules • FRA32M • pX1000 • MUX • BA • EQCM 14 High power Multi Channel The Multi Autolab with M204 is the multi channel ver-Key features sion of the modular PGSTAT204. Up to 12 individual • Electrode connections 2, 3, and 4 M204 modules can be located inside the cabinet. It is • Potential range +/- 10 V also possible to combine the potentiostat/galvanostat • Compliance voltage +/- 20 V M204 modules with optional modules for added func- • Maximum current +/- 400 mA tionality. (10 A with BOOSTER10A) • Current ranges 100 mA to 10 nA, Each M204 potentiostat/galvanostat is fitted with a builtin 8 decades in integrator. • Potential accuracy +/- 0.2% • Potential resolution 3 µV The instrument provides the possibility to control the • Current accuracy +/- 0.2% individual potentiostat/galvanostat modules from up to • Current resolution 0.0003% (of current range) three computers, using the built-in hub. • Input impedance > 100 GOhm • Potentiostat bandwidth 1 MHz To extend the maximum current, each M204 module can • Computer interface USB be coupled to a BOOSTER10A module. • Control software NOVA Optional modules • BOOSTER10A • FRA32M • pX1000 • MUX • BA • EQCM 15 Instruments for special applications Autolab provides a series of instruments for special applications. The PGSTAT302F is a modified version of the PGSTAT302N, which can be operated in floating mode or in normal mode. PGSTAT302F 30 V / 2 A The PGSTAT302N/MBA and the PGSTAT128N/MBA are derived from their N series counterparts. These instruments can be fitted with up to five additional working elec trodes sharing a common counter and reference elec trode. PGSTAT302N/MBA 30 V / 2 A / 50 mA PGSTAT128N/MBA 12 V / 800 mA / 50 mA 16 Special instruments ... PGSTAT302F Key features The PGSTAT302F is a special version of the PGSTAT302N • Electrode connections 2, 3, and 4 which can be switched from the regular «grounded • Potential range +/- 10 V mode» to so-called «floating mode». In grounded mode, • Compliance voltage +/- 10 V the PGSTAT302F can be used with normal electrochemi- • Compliance voltage +/- 30 V cal cells, while in floating mode, the PGSTAT302F can be (grounded) (special cables required) used with grounded cells or electrochemical cells in • Maximum current +/- 2 A which the working electrode is connected to ground • Current ranges 1 A to 10 nA, in 9 decades (e.g. pipelines, autoclaves, etc.). • Potential accuracy +/- 0.2% • Potential resolution 0.3 µV This instrument can be fitted with the FRA32M imped- • Current accuracy +/- 0.2% ance analyzer module. • Current resolution 0.0003% (of current range) • Input impedance > 1 TOhm Optional module • Potentiostat bandwidth 100 kHz • FRA32M • Computer interface row USB (isolated) • Control software NOVA 17 ... for special applications PGSTAT128N Multi BA and PGSTAT302N Multi BA This is a special version of the PGSTAT128N or PGSTAT302N trodes in the same cell at the same time, sharing the in which up to 6 working electrodes are available, provid-same reference and counter electrode. ing electrochemical measurents on up to 6 different elec-Key features PGSTAT128N Multi BA PGSTAT302N Multi BA BA • Electrode connections 2, 3, and 4 1 each • Potential range +/- 10 V +/- 10 V • Compliance voltage +/- 12 V +/- 30 V – • Maximum current +/- 800 mA +/- 2 A +/- 50 mA • Current ranges 1 A to 10 nA, in 9 decades 10 mA to 10 nA, in 7 decades • Potential accuracy +/- 0.2% +/- 0.2% • Potential resolution 0.3 µV 0.3 µV • Current accuracy +/- 0.2 % +/- 0.2% • Current resolution +/- 0.0003% (of current range) +/- 0.0003% (of current range) • Input impedance > 1 TOhm – • Potentiostat 500 kHz 1 MHz – bandwidth • Computer interface USB – • Control software NOVA – Optional modules • FRA32M • BA (Maximum 5) 18 Unique possibilities ... BOOSTER10A and BOOSTER20A Key features BOOSTER10A BOOSTER20A The BOOSTER10A module increases the maximum • Maximum power 150 W 350 W current of the Autolab/PGSTATS to 10 A. The maximum • Maximum +/- 20 V +/- 20 V curr ent of the PGSTAT302N can be increased to 20 A compliance voltage with BOOSTER20A. • Maximum applied +/- 10 V +/- 10 V voltage With its fast response time, the Autolab booster has • Maximum current +/- 10 A +/- 20 A been optimized to perform electrochemical impedance • Resolution 0.0003% 0.0003% mea surements, in combination with the FRA32M mo - • Accuracy +/- 0.5% +/- 0.2% dule, on fuel cells, batteries and super-capacitors. The • Operation mode Potentiostat/ Potentiostat/ booster is able to handle active as well as passive cells. galvanostat galvanostat • Bandwidth Application areas - Potentiostatic 4 kHz 18 kHz • DC and AC electrochemical measurements on large - Galvanostatic 2.5 kHz 40 kHz area electrodes • Emergency off n.a. yes • Determination of charge/discharge characteristics of switch super-capacitors • Instrument PGSTAT128N, PGSTAT302N • Electrochemical impedance at high current densities compatibility PGSTAT302N, • Measurements of the i-V and power characteristics of PGSTAT100N, energy storage devices PGSTAT204, M204 19 ... with high performance, high quality modules ... FRA32M Key features Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is a power- • Frequency range 10 µHz - 32 MHz ful technique for the characterization of electrochemical • Frequency range in 10 µHz - 10 MHz systems. It has widespread use in a large number of ap pli-combination with cations. ECI10M • Frequency range in 10 µHz - 1 MHz The Autolab users can perform EIS measurements with combination with the FRA32M module in potentiostatic and galvanostatic PGSTAT control, over a wide frequency range of 10 µHz to 1 MHz. • Frequency resolution 0.003% In addition to the classical EIS, the NOVA software also • Input range +/- 10 V allows the users to modulate other outside signals such • Frequency range in 10 µHz - 10 MHz as rotation speed of a rotating disk electrode or the in - combination with tensity of a light source to perform Electrohydrody na mic ECI10M or Photo-modulated impedance spectroscopy. • Signal types 1 sine, 5 sine, 15 sine • Input channels E and i from the potentiostat/ The FRA32M module comes with a powerful fit and si mu-galvanostat or X and Y lation software for the analysis of impedance data. external signals • AC amplitude 0.2 mV to 0.35 V rms in potentiostatic mode 2 mV to 3.5 V rms (optional) 0.0002 - 0.35 times current range in galvanostatic mode • Data presentation Nyquist, Bode, Admittance, Dielectric, Mott-Schottky • Data analysis Fit and Simulation, Find circle, Element subtraction, Kramers-Kronig • Instrument PGSTAT128N, PGSTAT302N, compatibility PGSTAT100N, PGSTAT302F, Multi Autolab/M101, Multi Autolab/M204, Multi BA, PGSTAT204 20 ... allowing versatile custom built instruments for research ECI10M Key features With the ECI10M, the maximum frequency that can be • Electrode connections 2, 3, and 4 reached during electrochemical impedance spectroscopy • Potential applied +/- 10 V measurements is extended up to 10 MHz. • Compliance voltgae +/- 10 V • Maximum current +/- 100 mA The ECI10M consists of a module, installed in the Autolab • Current ranges 100 mA to 10 nA, 8 decades potentiostat/galvanostat and coupled to the FRA32M • Potential accuracy +/- 0.2% mo dule and an external interface designed to be placed • Potential resolution 0.3 µV in close proximity of the electrochemical cell in order to • Current accuracy +/- 0.2% minimize the effects from the electrode cables. • Current resolution 0.0003 % (of current range) • Input impedance > 100 GOhm The small form factor of the external interface allows • Bandwidth 15 MHz measurements in a glove box or Faraday cage. • Frequency range 10 MHz - 10 µHz • Frequency resolution 0.003% The ECI10M uses the Automatic Amplitude Correction • Maximum amplitude 700 mV (RMS) algorithm (AAC) to ensure that the amplitude applied on • Instrument PGSTAT128N, PGSTAT302N the cell corresponds to the required amplitude at all compatibility times, thus maximizing the resolution while respecting the linearity and stability conditions during the measurement. ADC10M SCAN250 21 The ADC10M module is an ultra-fast sampling module The staircase method for cyclic voltammetry is widely that increases the sampling rate of the Autolab from used in digital instruments. The measured currents due to 50 kSamples/s to 10 MSamples/s giving the possibility to the charging of the double layer are reduced if the dura-acquire fast transients with interval times down to 100 ns. tion of the step is sufficiently long. This results in data When combined with the SCAN250 module, ultra-fast that can be treated as originating from faradaic pro-cyclic voltammetry measurements can be performed with cesses only. scan rates up to 250 kV/s, making it a powerful tool for studying fast kinetic processes. When the processes exhibit very fast transient behavior, such as hydrogen adsorption, digital sweep can lead to The ADC10M module samples the potential and the cur-loss of information regarding the adsorption process. rent of the main potentiostat or up to 2 external signals. The SCAN250 module, which has the capability of apply-ing a true analog sweep to the sample, was specially de signed to overcome this problem. The SCAN250 mo dule combined with ADC10M is a very powerful tool for studying fast transients. Key features Key features • Sampling rate 10 MSamples/s (100 ns) • Scan range +/- 5 V relative to initial • Data size 1 million points per channel potential • Number of channels 2 • Range of scan rates 10 mV/s to 250 kV/s • Instrument PGSTAT128N, PGSTAT302N, • Number of scans 32,000 compatibility PGSTAT100N • Instrument PGSTAT128N, PGSTAT302N, compatibility PGSTAT100N BA Key features The BA is a dual-mode bipotentiostat module that con- • Number of channels 1 (5 for Multi BA) verts the Autolab into a double channel potentiostat. • Potential range +/- 10 V Measurements on 2 working electrodes can be perfor- • Current ranges 10 mA to 10 nA, in med sharing the same counter and reference electrode. 7 decades In the standard mode, a fixed potential is applied to the • Current accuracy +/- 0.2% second channel (second Working Electrode) while apply- • Current resolution 0.0003% (of current range) ing a potential step or a sweep to the first channel (first • Maximum current +/- 50 mA Working Electrode). In the scanning bipotentiostat mode, • Modes Bipotentiostat and scanning a potential offset with respect to the first channel is bipotentiostat app lied to the second channel. • Instrument PGSTAT128N, PGSTAT302N, compatibility PGSTAT100N, Multi Autolab/M101, Multi Autolab/M204, Multi BA, PGSTAT204 ECN ECD 22 During localized corrosion, electrochemical noise is gen-The lowest current range available on the standard erated by a combination of stochastic (random) pro-modular Autolab is 10 nA. At this current range, the cesses, such as breakdown of passive films and repassiva-Autolab has a current resolution of 30 fA. When doing tion. Electrochemical noise (ECN) is an in-situ technique measurements on microelectrodes some times an even for measuring these localized corrosion processes on higher resolution is needed. bare or coated metal samples. Originally designed for electrochemical detection in HPLC During measurements with the ECN module no external and FIA, the ECD module makes the measurement of perturbation (potential or current) is applied to the elec-such low currents possible. The ECD module provides 2 trode. The potential and current signals are measured as additional current ranges of 1 nA and 100 pA giving a a function of time. minimum current resolution of 300 aA. Key features Key features • Input range +/- 2.5 V • Current ranges 100 µA to 100 pA, • Measurement resolution 0.8 µV (gain 100) in 7 decades • Measurement accuracy 300 µV • Current measuremrent +/- 0.5% • Input bias current < 25 fA • RC Filter time constants 0.1 s, 1 s, and 5 s (for DC measurements) • Compensation of current offset • Input impedance > 100 GOhm +/- 1 µA maximum • Offset compensation +/- 10 V • Instrument compatibility PGSTAT128N, PGSTAT302N, • Instrument compatibility PGSTAT128N, PGSTAT302N PGSTAT100N MUX Key features MUX.MULTI4 MUX.SCNR8 MUX.SCNR16 The MUX modules allow the Autolab users to perform • Cell Independent Independent Independent electrochemical experiments on multiple cells sequen-connection RE, CE, WE, S RE, S WE tially. The cell to perform a measurement on can be se lec- • Number 4 to 64 with 8 to 128 with 16 to 255 with ted either manually or automatically. This allows for easy of channels increments increments increments automation of routine electrochemical measurements of 4 of 8 of 16 leading to increased productivity. Autolab offers 2 types • Maximum 2 A of MUX modules. current • Maximum MUX.MULTI4 compliance 30 V Sequential measurements can be performed on up to 64 voltage complete electrochemical cells, with increments of 4. • Instrument PGSTAT128N, PGSTAT302N, compatibility Multi Autolab/M101, Multi Autolab/M204 MUX.SCNR8 Sequential voltage measurements can be performed on up to 128 stacked cells, sharing the same counter and working electrode, with increments of 8. MUX.SCNR16 Sequential measurements can be performed on up to 255 individual working electrodes in the same electrochemical cell, with increments of 16. 23 FI20 Key features The FI20, filter and integrator module, allows the Autolab • Type of filter Third order Sallen­Key users to do coulometric and chrono-coulometric experi- • RC Filter time constants 0.1 s, 1 s, and 5 s ments. The analog integrator and the built-in integrator • Integration times 0.01 s, 0.1 s, 1 s, and 10 s of the PGSTAT101/M101 and PGSTAT204/M204 gives the • Front panel analog Current and charge users the possibility to measure charge instead of current output and can be used both in cyclic voltammetry as well as in • Instrument PGSTAT128N, PGSTAT302N, potential step experiments. compatibility PGSTAT100N With this module it is easy to separate the capacitive current from the faradaic current. In addition the integrator is effective in reducing signal noise by averaging it out. The third order Sallen­Key filter with selectable RC­times between 0 and 500 ms, can be used to filter out noise. The module is also useful in cases where the background noise (50 or 60 Hz for example) cannot be removed by using measures like a Faraday cage. pX1000 Key features With the pX1000 module installed in the Autolab instru- • Input range +/- 10 V ment the user can measure the pH or the pX in parallel • Measurement resolution 0.3 µV (gain 1000) with an electrochemical measurement. The user can • Measurement accuracy +/- 2 mV connect any pH, pX or «double» electrode to the module. • Input impedance > 1 TOhm // 8 pF The pX1000 also provides the connections for a Pt1000 • Temperature accuracy +/­ 0.5 ˚C temperature probe. • Temperature resolution 0.015 ˚C • Instrument PGSTAT128N, PGSTAT302N, In case an electrode other than a pH electrode is used, compatibility Multi Autolab/M10, the output is given as the voltage difference that is Multi Autolab/M204, measured between the electrodes, making it possible to PGSTAT204 connect a detection electrode to perform coulometric titration. 24 EQCM Key features The EQCM module provides the means to perform Elec tro- • Oscillation frequency 6 MHz chemical Quartz Crystal Microbalance experiments. The • Resolution 0.07 Hz EQCM module measures a mass change per unit area by • Relative accuracy 1 Hz recording the change in resonant frequency of a quartz • Sampling rate 50 S/s crystal oscillator. • Frequency range 80.000 Hz • Instrument PGSTAT128N, PGSTAT302N, Measurements in the sub µg/cm2 are possible. The EQCM compatibility Multi Autolab/M101, can be fitted with 6 MHz, AT­cut crystals. The module Multi Autolab /M204, comes with a dedicated electrochemical cell. PGSTAT204 25 Module comptability The BOOSTER10A and BOOSTER20A come in a seperate housing and thus do not occupy module positions in the Autolab. The maximum number of additional modules in the Auto lab is 8 and 1 for the PGSTAT204. Multi Autolab/ PGSTAT128N Multi BA PGSTAT204 Modules PGSTAT128N PGSTAT302N PGSTAT100N PGSTAT302F M101 PGSTAT302N Multi BA Multi Autolab/M204 BOOSTER10A* • • • n.a. n.a. n.a. • BOOSTER20A* n.a. • n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. FRA32M • • • • • • • ECI10M • • n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. ADC10M • • • n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. SCAN250 • • • n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. MUX • • n.a. • n.a. n.a. • BA • • • • n.a. • • ECN+ • • n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. ECD • • • n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. FI20 • • • n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. pX1000+ • • n.a. • n.a. n.a. • EQCM • • n.a. • n.a. n.a. • (*) (+) These modules are mutually exclusive 26 Total solutions ... Autolab RDE Autolab RRDE The Autolab RDE (Rotating Disk Electrode) is a high end The Autolab RRDE (Rotating Ring Disc Electrode) extends RDE. The unit has a high performance motor reaching the design of the Autolab RDE with a double mercury 10,000 rpm, and a liquid Hg contact for very low noise contact, allowing friction-less electrical contact to the measurements. The PCTFE electrode shaft has been de - disc and ring. sign ed to fit in Metrohm cell lids. The RRDE can be operated up to 10,000 RPM and can Easily exchangeable electrode tips can be mounted on be fitted with the Autolab RRDE electrode tips. The RRDE the shaft, 10 mm diameter tips with an active surface electrode tips consist of a 5 mm disc of platinum, gold or diameter of 3 mm and 5 mm are available in Gold, Silver, glassy carbon, with a concentric platinun ring at a dis-Glassy Carbon and Platinum. Empty tips are available if tance of 375 µm, leading to a theoretical collection effi-the user wants to use his own 5 mm diameter material. ciency of 24.9%. The rotation speed of the RDE is controlled by a motor Specifications control unit. The low noise Hg contact makes the • Speed control Manual and software Autolab RDE suitable for measurements at very low cur- • Motor speed range 100 - 10,000 RPM rents or electrochemical impedance measurements. • Manual speed setting 100 - 10,000 RPM in 1 RPM steps • Acceleration/ 4,000 RPM/s deceleration • Maximum current 500 mA • Contact (RDE) Sealed Hg pool • Contact (RRDE) Double sealed Hg pool • Electrode tips 3 mm active area in Ag, Au, (RDE 10 mm Ø) Pt, and GC 5 mm active area in Ag, Au, Pt, GC, and empty • Electrode tips 5 mm active area disc in Pt, (RRDE 11.6 mm Ø) Au or GC and 750 µm ring in Pt 27 ... with a wide range of Autolab and Metrohm accessories Autolab Optical bench: Software programmable The following items are part of Optical bench kit. light source and bench The Metrohm Autolab optical bench provides the means LED Driver Autolab LED Driver, 700 mA output to study the electrochemical behavior of photovoltaic Optical bench Complete optical bench cells, like dye sensitized solar cells. The light source used LDC655 LED Cover, deep red, 655 nm in this setup is a highly focused LED. The bench includes LDC627 LED Cover, red, 627 nm, included with a software programmable LED Driver which can be used the LED Driver to control the light source output. LDC617 LED Cover, red-orange, 617 nm LDC590 LED Cover, amber, 590 nm The light source itself is fitted with a quick release sys-LDC530 LED Cover, green, 530 nm tem, allowing a fast exchange of the light source and LDC505 LED Cover, cyan, 505 nm wavelength. It is supplied with a default 627 nm light LDC470 LED Cover, blue, 470 nm source. LDCCW LED Cover, cool white LDCWW LED Cover, warm white LDCNW LED Cover, neutral white 28 Flexible cell solutions Autolab Microcell HC The Autolab Microcell HC system is the ideal solution for The Autolab Microcell HC is designed in collaboration fast and reliable temperature-controlled experiments. with RHD Instruments GmbH. The electrochemical cells Con sisting of a temperature controller and a cell stage de sign ed for the Autolab Microcell HC system fit all with Peltier element, the Autolab Microcell HC is design- ex pe rimen tal requirements. For volatile and non-volatile ed to accomodate a large choice of specially designed samples, small or large volumes, batteries, surfaces, spec-electroche mi cal cells. tro electro chemical measurements, gel-like samples. The temperature controller itself is integrated in the NOVA software, allowing manual and remote control of Specifications the sample temperature. This combination allows you to • Temperature range -40 °C - 100 °C perform electrochemical measurements, using all the • Temperature accuracy +/- 0.1 °C available techniques, in order to determine relevant para- • Temperature control Peltier meters like impedance and conductivity in a wide range • Temperature control rate 60 °C/minute of temperature. Special cells for batteries are available, as • Interface Serial well as cells for ionic liquids, Van der Pauw measure ments • Minimum sample volume 70 µl or hyphenation with spectroscopy measure ments. Mesurement cells and options All the cells designed for the Autolab Microcell system are fitted with a gold-plated thermo block with Pt100 tem-29 perature sensor. The cells are made in PEEK for optimal chemical compatibility. These cells can be assembled by hand in a normal laboratory environment or in a glove box. Each cell is designed to fit on the Autolab Microcell HC holder, allowing for fast exchange of the cell. Closed TSC1600 and TSC70 The TSC1600 and TSC70 are general purpose cells with a volume of 1600 µl and 70 µl, respectively. These cells can be used to perform conductivity measurements on ionic liquids, determine the stability window of these electrolytes or determine the HOMO-LUMO gap of OLED dyes in organic solvents. Closed TSC SW The Closed TSC SW cell has been designed for conductivity measurements of moisture, air and light sensitive polyelectrolytes, polymer salt solutions and gels. It can also be used for conductivity measurements of ion conducting glasses. TSC Battery (standard/extended) The TSC Battery has been designed for battery applications and is available in two versions: a standard version suitable for plane substrates, like the active materials, separators or solid ion conducting materials and an expanded version that allows the use of elemental lithium as electrode material. These cells can be fitted with elemental lithium as a pseudo-reference electrode or with a micro-reference electrode. Furthermore, additional electrolyte can be added to the cell through lateral inlets. TSC Surface The TSC Surface is designed for electrochemical measurements on flat samples and can be used to study the electrochemical interface between a well defined working electrode and solution and the kinetics of electron transfer reactions. This cell, like all other cells is suitable for measurements with ionic liquids, but it can also be used with aqueous and organic solvents and for corrosion measurements. Cooling box For measurements at very low temperatures, or measurements in a condensing atmosphere, a cooling box with a suitable cable feed through is available. 30 Electrodes Faraday cage A range of electrodes is available. Besides reference elec-The Autolab Faraday cage has been designed to allow trodes (Ag/AgCl) and counter electrodes (Platinum or the users to protect their electrochemical cell setup from Glassy Carbon), electrode tips are available in different electro-magnetic interference from external sources such sizes and different materials. as computer monitors, other instruments in the lab or power lines. In combination with the Metrohm electrode tip holder, these tips will provide the user a range of different workIn many cases the main source of external electrical inter-ing electrodes. An empty Kel-F electrode tip is available ference is the line frequency (50/60 Hz) which can corrupt for those who want to use their own materials electrochemical data, particularly when small signals are being measured. An earth terminal is available in the Faraday cage to con-Specifications nect to the Autolab to prevent ground loops. Material Size • Platinum, Gold, Silver, Glassy Carbon 3 mm and 5 mm Specifications • Other materials 5 mm • External dimensions (W×D×H) 38×21×38 cm3 • Empty tip 5 mm • Internal dimensions (W×D×H) 34×19×34 cm3 Microelectrodes Flat cell A range of microelectrodes is available for sensor The flat cell has been designed to measure corrosion re search. They are available in 5 different materials. The properties of large flat coated or bare metal samples electrodes are configured to fit the Metrohm universal immersed in an electrolyte solution. It consists of a glass electrode tip holder making it easy to exchange tips. The vessel fitted with a PVC holder. The holder allows quick electrodes are specially designed by sealing small dia- and easy exchange of test samples. The exposed surface meter wires in glass and polishing them to mirror finish. area of the sample is 16.9 cm2. The leakage of the electrolyte from the sample holder is prevented by the use of Specifications a Viton O-ring and 3 wing nuts. Material Size • Platinum 10, 20, 25, 50, 100, 200, 300, and The cover of the flat cell is made of PVDF and allows the 500 µm placement of a reference electrode, counter electrode • Gold 10, 25, 40, 100, 200, 300, and 500 µm and a gas inlet/outlet. The flat cell is supplied with a large • Palladium 25, 60, 100, 200, 300, and 500 µm area stainless steel counter electrode and Ag/AgCl refer- • Silver 25, 30, 60, 100, 200, 300, and 500 µm ence electrode. • Iridium 75 µm Corrosion cells Cell setup 31 The corrosion cells have been designed to measure the Metrohm Autolab instruments supplies cells with cell corrosion properties of circular samples immersed in an stands, counter electrodes, working electrodes and refer-electrolyte. Metrohm Autolab provides a 400 ml version ence electrodes made by Metrohm for setting up electro-with the sample holder on the side and a 1 litre version chemical experiments. with a sample holder on the top according to ASTM standards. Specifications • Cell vessels 1 ml, 5 ml, 20 - 90 ml, Both cells can be connected to a waterbath and come thermostatic 50 - 150 ml with sample holder, reference electrode, 2 counter elec- • Cell stand Base plate with stand rod trodes, thermo-meter and gas inlet. The reference elec- • Disk working electrodes 3 mm Ø in GC, Au, Pt, trode is positioned close to the sample by using a Luggin and Ag capillary. • Counter electrodes Pt sheet, Pt rod, GC rod • Reference electrodes Ag/AgCl with electrolyte Specifications 400 ml cell 1 litre cell vessel, Ag/AgCl double • Sample diameter 14 mm 16 mm junction • Exposed surface 0.785 cm2 1.0 cm2 • Sample holder POM PP • Seal Viton Natural rubber Metrohm 663 VA Stand The Metrohm 663 VA Stand forms the wet chemical part of a polarographic and voltammetric system that can be controlled by the Autolab potentiostat in conjunction with the IME663 interface. The size of the mercury drop and the stirrer speed are con trolled manually from the VA Stand. The 663 VA Stand is equipped with an Ag/AgCl reference electrode and a Glassy Carbon counter electrode. The VA Stand can be operated in DME, HDME and SMDE mode. The system can be equipped with a rotating disk electrode operating at speeds of 0,500, 1,000, 1,500, 2,000 and 3,000 rpm. The disk electrodes are of 2 mm diameter. 32 NOVA, powerful and flexible ... Autolab NOVA software NOVA is the data acquisition and analysis software pack-Chrono methods age for all the Autolab potentiostat/galvanostat instru- • Chrono methods (∆t > 1 ms) ments. • Chrono methods high speed (∆t > 100 ns) • Recurrent pulsing methods Developed by electrochemists for electrochemists and integrating over two decades of user experience as well Voltammetric analysis as the latest software technology, NOVA software brings • Sampled DC power and flexibility to the Autolab users. • Normal pulse • Differential pulse NOVA is designed to answer demands of both experi- • Differential normal pulse enced electrochemists and newcomers alike. Setting up • Square wave experiments, acquiring data points and performing data • Potentiometric stripping analysis analysis to produce publication-ready graphs, only takes • AC voltammetry a few mouse clicks. Tools and controls The following techniques are available: • Manual control of the instruments Cyclic and linear sweep voltammetry • iR drop compensation • Staircase cyclic and linear sweep voltammetry • Rotating (ring) disc electrode (RRDE) control • True linear scan cyclic voltammetry • Repeat loops • High-speed linear scan cyclic voltammetry • Cutoffs • Open circuit potential (OCP) measurements Impedance spectroscopy • Analog input and output • Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy • Digital DIO (TTL) triggering • External transfer function analysis (IMVS, IMPS, EHD, ...) • Additional signals (∆frequency, bipotentiostat, ...) • Potential scan, current scan, time scan, Mott-Schottky • Import/export ASCII, GPES, FRA Application development • LabVIEW drivers and ready-to-use VIs • Generic interface for .NET applications ... data acquisition and analysis software for Autolab users Flexible procedure editor 33 NOVA comes with a library of procedures available for updated real time depending on the measurement pro-most electrochemical experiments. Alongside these elec-gress. Convenient tools like repeat loops, cutoffs and trochemical methods, an extensive list of commands is data analysis instructions can be used in the procedure provided. Commands are used to customize existing pro-editor, making routine experiments easy. cedures or as individual building blocks to construct any electrochemical procedure, from the most simple to the Sampling and data aquisition settings can be defi ned for most advanced. each measurement, ensuring that the relevant data is always recorded under optimal conditions. NOVA is controlled by interacting and placing individual items, represented by a convenient tile, in a sequence. NOVA can be used to perform any number of experi-This provides a simple and clear overview of the indivi-ments sequentially, without interruption, on each of the dual steps in a procedure. instruments connected to the computer. Procedure properties can be linked providing the means It is designed as a generic electrochemical interface and to build dynamic procedures, in which parameters are it can easily be adapted to any kind of application. 34 Powerful data presentation Advanced data analysis During electrochemical experiments, recorded data NOVA includes a dedicated data analysis environment, points can be displayed in a dedicated interface of the featuring advanced 2D and 3D plotting, a large number software. Plots can be used to display, in 2D or 3D, meas-of data analysis tools and an electrochemical spread-ured data points or results of data analysis. Com pa rison sheet. with previous experiments is possible while experiments are in progress. Plotting tools like individual axis scaling, multiple Y-axes, plot additions, zooming and overlays help the user display The software provides a clear overview of the experimet-the relevant information in clear, publication-ready graphs. al data and the instrument settings during experiments. Each plot can be directly pasted into a paper or a presen-The software also provides full manual control of the tation. instrument as well as all the ancillary equipment connected to the computer. Powerful data analysis tools can be combined with a built-in electrochemical spreadsheet to analyze the data, Data points are saved in the database at the end of the perform calculation and create new plots without having measurements. Each experiment is logged by time and to export the fi les to a third­party software. date and additional comments can be added to each entry. Data analysis progress can be appended to the NOVA merges procedure editing and data analysis to - data. gether. Any addition, modifi cation or analysis of data can be immediately carried over to a new procedure in order to include the changes in the next measurement. This unique feature drastically reduces the time required to setup the experimental conditions. 35 Your data, anywhere and everywhere Autolab SDK NOVA is designed for the current generation of Windows Alongside NOVA, Metrohm Autolab also supplies the computers and runs on any Windows based device, from Autolab SDK. The Autolab Software Development Kit traditional desktop computers to Windows based tablets. (SDK) is designed to control the Autolab instrument from different external applications such as LabVIEW, Visual NOVA can be used with a mouse and keyboard interface Basic for Applications (VBA), scripting etc. With the Autolab or using a touch based interface. SDK the external application can be used to measure com plete procedures or control individual Autolab modules. The Autolab SDK is compatible with NOVA procedures but can be used as a stand-alone application. Requirements NOVA is compatible with all the Autolab instruments with a USB interface and is based on the Microsoft .NET framework. The following PC confi guration is recommen ded: Proces sor 2 GHz or higher, 80 GB HDD, 2 GB RAM, USB port, Windows 7, 8 or 10. Up to 127 Autolab instruments can be controlled from one PC. The Autolab SDK is compatible with LabVIEW and with any other software supporting .NET assemblies. 36 Tailored solutions Corrosion Autolab key features Corrosion is a process involving deterioration or degrada- • Multi sine technique for fast low frequency tion of materials that results in huge economical losses. measurements • Automatic determination of corrosion rate in NOVA As corrosion processes are electrochemical in nature and software involve two or more reactions, electrochemical techniques • High compliance voltage (100 V) of the PGSTAT100N using sophisticated instruments are required to study allows corrosion measurements on cells with high them. ohmic drop (in concrete, non-aqueous media, ...) • Galvanic coupling, electrochemical noise and zero-The Autolab instruments along with the NOVA software resistance amperometry (ZRA) measurement offer the corrosion practitioners a wide array of tools for • The MUX module allows the automation of routine studying these processes. corrosion measurements by running up to 64 cells sequentially Dedicated modules • FRA32M – Corrosion testing and research • ECN – Characterization of coatings • MUX.MULTI4 – Sequential measurements on up to 64 cells • pX1000 – Critical pitting temperature measurements • EQCM – Determination of mass change Dedicated accessories • Reference and counter electrodes • Corrosion cell • Flat cell • Normal cells • Faraday cage • Rotating disc electrode (RDE) The Autolab instruments can be customized to be used in ... Energy Autolab key features 37 Electrochemical processes are the basis of a wide range • High frequency (20 kHz) FRA32M measurements at of energy conversion devices such as fuel cells, batteries, high currents (20 A) solar cells, and super-capacitors. Modern electrochemical • Very small errors in phase angle on low impedance instruments are key to the success of research in energy cells (< 1 mOhm) storage devices which is focused on improving effi ciency, • ADC10M/SCAN250 module for fast analog scans reducing energy use and lowering costs. allowing measurement of fast processes (hydrogen adsorption) DC techniques such as linear sweep voltammetry have • Measurements on active cells possible been used for determining the i-V and power character- • 4­Electrode confi guration allows measurements istics of fuel cells and batteries. In recent years EIS has across membranes been successfully applied to the study of fuel cells, bat- • Connection to electronic loads and programmable teries and super-capacitors. One of the advantages of EIS power supplies for DC and FRA measurements possible over DC techniques is the possibility of using very small amplitude signals without signifi cantly disturbing the pro perties being measured. • ADC10M/SCAN250 – Fast scans for hydrogen adsorption measurements The Autolab FRA32M system in combination with • BOOSTER10A/20A – DC and AC measurements on BOOSTER10A or BOOSTER20A makes it possible to per-small stacks or large area electrodes (currents up to form EIS measurements at high currents. 20 A), can also be used as load for active cells Dedicated modules Dedicated accessories • FRA32M – Fuel cell characterization and research, • Electronic load interface – Connection to third-party measurement of very small impedances (< 1 mOhm) electronic loads and programmable power supplies • BA – Bipotentiostat module • Autolab RRDE – rotating ring disc electrode Interfacial electrochemistry Autolab key features Studies of the electrochemical interface are of fundamen- • Cyclic voltmmetry using a linear scan generator tal interest for all electrochemical processes. The charac - (SCAN250) for accurate measurements of the terization of the double layer structure, adsorption phe-capacitive contributions 38 nomena, surface diffusion, nucleation and growth and • Fast transient chrono measurements with the electron transfer kinetics necessitates versatile and accu-ADC10M for accurate determination of adsorption rate instrumentation. Combination with external de vices and deposition kinetics (STM, FTIR, RAMAN etc.) is often required. • Digital and analog I/O for combination with external devices The Autolab PGSTAT provides the most suitable tools for • 4­Electrode confi guration for measurements at the the accurate characterization of interfacial processes, liquid-liquid interface determination of thermodynamics and kinetics as well as • Low current measurements at microelectrodes with reaction mechanisms. the ECD module Dedicated modules • SCAN250 – True linear analog scan generator • ADC10M – Fast sampling A/D converter for chrono measurements • ECD – Low current measurements • EQCM – Electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance • FRA32M – AC characterization of the double layer Dedicated accesories • RDE • Double junction reference electrode • Faraday cage Analytical and environmental electrochemistry Autolab key features Research in analytical and environmental electrochemis- • ECD module allows measurement of very small try is driven by the demand for faster, cheaper, smaller, signals on micro-electrodes and more sensitive means to monitor the chemical, bio- • Preprogrammed voltammetric methods and data logical, and physical processes using sensors. analysis tools (peak search, smooth, baseline correction etc.) These chemical sensors are used widely in fi elds such as • Possibility to combine Metrohm liquid and sample environmental monitoring, industrial process control, aero-handling instruments with any NOVA software nautical and space systems, medical diagnosis etc. method and data analysis making the automation of a measurement sequence easy The research in the development of new sensors is fo - cused on reducing cost, size, and power consumption of the sensors and their ability for real-time, in situ measurement using sophisticated electrochemical methods. Dedicated modules • pX1000 – Coulometric titration • ECD – Trace metal analysis • Multi BA – Measurements on sensor arrays simultaneously • MUX.MULTI4 – Measurements on sensor arrays in sequence • FRA32M – Characterization of sensors Dedicated accessories • Reference and counter electrodes • Microelectrodes • Normal cells • Faraday cage • 663 VA Stand • Metrohm Dosino and Sample processor ... a wide range of industries and research applications Electrodeposition Autolab key features 39 Electrodeposition is used extensively in areas such as • Preprogrammed voltammetric methods and data printed circuit boards (PCB), magnetic alloys, coatings for analysis tools (peak search, smooth, baseline hard disk drives, wear resistant coatings, corrosion resis-correction etc.) tant alloys, metal composites, decorative coatings. Re - • The EQCM module provides measurements in the search in this fi eld is focused on understanding fundasub µg/cm2 range mental aspects of electrochemical deposition of metals • Recurrent potential/current steps for pulse plating and alloys, structure and properties of deposits, and applications tech nological applications of electrochemically produced metals and alloys. Electrochemical techniques are used widely for the understanding of underlying kinetic and interfacial processes (charge distribution across interface and structure of double layer etc.). Dedicated modules • FRA32M – Characterization of electrodeposition mechanisms • BOOSTER10A/20A – Measurements on large area electrodes • EQCM – Electrogravimetric characterization of deposits Dedicated accessories • Reference and counter electrodes Biotechnology/Biosensors Autolab key features In recent years electrochemical techniques are being used • ECD module allows measurement of very small increasingly to characterize biosensors and bioche mical signals on microelectrodes processes. Electrochemical techniques are being applied • Multi BA module allows simultaneous measure-for the study of protein-electrode interfaces, self assem-ments on up to 6 electrodes bled monolayers (SAMs) and surfactant fi lms. • Preprogrammed voltammetric methods and data analysis tools Voltammetric, electrochemical and impedance spectros- • Impedimetric sensor measurements with FRA32M copy techniques allow rapid, in-situ measurement of module ad sorption and kinetic processes. The electrochemistry based biosensors allow in-vivo mea surements of active species resulting in rapid diagnostics and development of new drugs. Dedicated modules • FRA32M – Characterization of biosensors • ECD – Low currents for microelectrode applications • Multi BA – Simultaneous measurements on up to 6 working electrodes • EQCM – Monitoring of biomolecular interactions Dedicated accessories • Reference and counter electrodes • Normal cells • Faraday cage • RDE 40 Semiconductor electrochemistry Autolab key features Semiconductor electrochemistry deals with many aspects, • Preprogrammed method for EIS experiments at ranging from fundamental semiconductor physics to different applied potentials complex effects, such as charge transfer processes at • One click production of Mott-Schottky plots semi conductor liquid surfaces or photoreactions at semiconductor particles. Its applications cover established as well as emerging fields in technology such as design and manufacture of in tegrated circuits, semiconductor devices, micro-mach-in ing, and micro-patterning. Characterization of semiconductor interfaces with electrochemical instruments is critical to the success of new semi-conductor devices. Dedicated modules • FRA32M – Characterization of Schottky junctions Nanotechnology Autolab key features Nanotechnology is an inter-disciplinary research area • The analog and digital inputs/outputs allow the where a broad range of expertise in material synthesis combination of electrochemical methods with and characterization are combined. The key to the suc-other techniques (AFM, STM, SPM etc.) cess in nanotechnology lies in the basic understanding of • The femto ampere resolution with the ECD module how to tailor the compositions and structures in the facilitates measurements of very low nanoscale structures to create new functional materials currents using sophisticated techniques. • The EQCM module provides measurements in the sub µg/cm2 range Electrochemistry is being used increasingly in combination with other chemical and/or physical methods to ar ti fi cially modify and create functional surfaces. Dedicated modules • FRA32M – Investigation of mechanisms at the nanoscale • MUX.MULTI4/MUX.SCNR16 – Measurements on nanosensor arrays • EQCM – Sub µg/cm2 electrogravimetric measurements Dedicated accessories • Microelectrodes • Faraday cage Specifications PGSTAT101/M101 PGSTAT204/M204 PGSTAT128N PGSTAT302N PGSTAT100N • Modular no yes yes yes yes • Maximum current ± 100 mA +/- 400 mA ± 800 mA ± 2 A ± 250 mA • Compliance voltage ± 10 V +/- 20 V ± 12 V ± 30 V ± 100 V • Potentiostat yes yes yes yes yes • Galvanostat yes yes yes yes yes 41 • Potential range ± 10 V ± 10 V ± 10 V ± 10 V ± 10 V • Applied potential accuracy ± 0.2% ± 2 mV ± 0.2% ± 2 mV ± 0.2% ± 2 mV ± 0.2% ± 2 mV ± 0.2% ± 2 mV • Applied potential resolution 150 µV 150 µV 150 µV 150 µV 150 µV • Measured potential 3 µV 3 µV 0.3 µV 0.3 µV 0.3 µV resolution (gain 100) (gain 100) (gain 1000) (gain 1000) (gain 1000) • Maximum scan rate 1000 V/s with 1000 V/s with 1000 V/s with 1000 V/s with 1000 V/s with 15 mV step 15 mV step 15 mV step 15 mV step 15 mV step 250 kV/s with 250 kV/s with 250 kV/s with ADC10M/ ADC10M/ ADC10M/ SCAN250 SCAN250 SCAN250 • Current ranges 10 nA to 100 mA to 10 nA to 10 nA to 10 nA to 10 mA 10 nA 1 A 1 A 100 mA (in 7 ranges) (in 8 ranges) (in 9 ranges) (in 9 ranges) (in 8 ranges) • Current accuracy ± 0.2% ± 0.2% ± 0.2% ± 0.2% ± 0.2% ± 0.2% of ± 0.2% of ± 0.2% of ± 0.2% of ± 0.2% of current range current range current range current range current range • Applied current resolution 0.015% of 0.015% of 0.015% of 0.015% of 0.015% of current range current range current range current range current range • Measured current resolution 0.0003% of 0.0003% of 0.0003% of 0.0003% of 0.0003% of current range current range current range current range current range - at 10 nA range 30 fA 30 fA 30 fA 30 fA 30 fA • Potentiostat bandwidth 1 MHz 1 MHz 500 kHz 1 MHz 400 kHz • Potentiostat rise/fall time < 300 ns < 300 ns < 500 ns < 250 ns < 500 ns • Input impedance of > 100 GOhm > 100 GOhm > 1 TOhm > 1 TOhm > 100 GOhm electrometer // 8 pF // 8 pF // 8 pF // 8 pF // 8 pF • Input bias current @ 25 °C < 1 pA < 1 pA < 1 pA < 1 pA < 1 pA • Bandwidth of electrometer > 4 MHz > 4 MHz > 4 MHz > 4 MHz > 4 MHz • iR-compensation current interrupt current interrupt current interrupt current interrupt current interrupt and positive and positive and positive positive and positive feedback feedback feedback feedback and feedback dynamic (optional) - resolution 0.025% 0.025% 0.025% 0.025% 0.025% • Electrode connections 2, 3 or 4 2, 3 or 4 2, 3, or 4 2, 3 or 4 2, 3 or 4 • Front panel display n.a. n.a. E and i E and i E and i • Analog outputs (BNC) potential and potential and potential and potential and potential and current current current current current • External voltage input n.a. n.a. yes yes yes • Analog integrator yes yes FI20 module FI20 module FI20 module (optional) (optional) (optional) - time constants 0.01 s, 0.1 s, 1 s, 0.01 s, 0.1 s, 1 s, 0.01 s, 0.1 s, 1 s, 0.01 s, 0.1 s, 1 s, 0.01 s, 0.1 s, 1 s, and 10 s and 10 s and 10 s and 10 s and 10 s • BOOSTER (10 A or 20 A) n.a. 10 A 10 A 10 A, 20 A 10 A • Interfacing USB USB USB USB USB • A/D converter 16-bit with 16-bit with 16-bit with 16-bit with 16-bit with gains of 1, 10, gains of 1, 10, gains of 1, 10, gains of 1, 10, gains of 1, 10, and 100 and 100 100, and 1000 100, and 1000 100, and 1000 • External input/output signals 1/1 1/1 2/2 2/2 2/2 • D/A converter 16-bit, 16-bit, 16-bit, 16-bit, 16-bit, 3 channels 3 channels 4 channels 4 channels 4 channels • Digital I/O lines 12 12 48 48 48 • Dimensions (W×D×H) 9×21×15 cm3 15×26×20 cm3 52×42×16 cm3 52×42×16 cm3 52×42×16 cm3 • Weight 2.1 kg 4.1 kg 16 kg 18 kg 21 kg • Power requirements 40 W 75 W 180 W 300 W 247 W 42 Specifications PGSTAT302F • Maximum current ± 2 A • Compliance voltage ± 10 V • Compliance voltage ± 30 V (grounded) (special cables required) • Potentiostat yes • Galvanostat yes • Potential range ± 10 V • Applied potential accuracy ± 0.2% ± 2 mV • Applied potential resolution 150 µV • Measured potential resolution 0.3 µV (gain 1000) • Maximum scan rate 1000 V/s with 15 mV step • Current ranges 10 nA to 1 A (in 9 ranges) • Current accuracy ± 0.2% ± 0.2% of current range • Applied current resolution 0.015% of current range • Measured current resolution 0.0003% of current range - at 10 nA range 30 fA • Potentiostat bandwidth 100 kHz • Potentiostat rise/fall time < 250 ns • Input impedance of > 1 TOhm electrometer // 8 pF • Input bias current @ 25 °C < 1 pA • Bandwidth of electrometer > 4 MHz • iR-compensation current interrupt and positive feedback - resolution 0.025% • Electrode connections 2, 3 or 4 12 • Front panel display E and i 11 10 • Analog outputs (BNC) potential and 9 current 8 • External voltage input yes 7 • Interfacing USB USB 6 • A/D converter 16-bit with 5 gains of 4 1, 10, 100, 3 and 1000 LOG IZI (Ohm) 0.3˚, 0.3% 5˚, 2% 2 • External input/output signals 2/2 1 0 • D/A converter 16-bit, -1 4 channels -2 • Digital I/O lines 48 -3 • Dimensions (W×D×H) 52×42×16 cm3 -4 0,01 0,1 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 • Weight (with FRA32M) 18 kg Frequency (Hz) • Power requirements 300 W Typical accuracy contour plot of a PGSTAT302N/FRA32M – Potentiostatic mode. 43 Dedicated to research www.metrohm.com/en/products/potentiostats G, CH-9100 Herisau ohm A witzerland by Metr , printed in S SW Subject to change Layout by Ecknauer+Schoch A 8.000.5168EN – 2015-08