E n h a n c e d S p e c i f i c a t i o n ES S e t t i n g N e w S t a n d a r d s Offices in ENGLAND, USA, CHINA; Representation Worldwide Enhanced Specification ARC™: Controlling the elements Contents Body Text Subheads Bullet Text Safety of Chemical Reactions and Processes 4 Safety of Reactive Chemicals, Explosives, Lithium Batteries 5 ESARC 6 Operation of the ARC 9 Data; Standard Sample 20% DTBP 11 Applications of the ARC 14 Options for the ARC 18 ARC Testing of Lithium Batteries 20 The EVARC, Double & Triple Systems 22 Battery Performance, MultiPoint & CryoCool 23 Support & Service 24 Why the ARC? Why THT? 25 History 26 Specification 27 2 TM ‘ARC’ is a registered Trade Name 3 of Thermal Hazard Technology Enhanced Specification ARC™: Controlling the elements Contents Body Text Subheads Bullet Text Safety of Chemical Reactions and Processes 4 Safety of Reactive Chemicals, Explosives, Lithium Batteries 5 ESARC 6 Operation of the ARC 9 Data; Standard Sample 20% DTBP 11 Applications of the ARC 14 Options for the ARC 18 ARC Testing of Lithium Batteries 20 The EVARC, Double & Triple Systems 22 Battery Performance, MultiPoint & CryoCool 23 Support & Service 24 Why the ARC? Why THT? 25 History 26 Specification 27 2 TM ‘ARC’ is a registered Trade Name 3 of Thermal Hazard Technology Main Heading Main Heading Safety of Chemical Reactions main header Safety of Reactive Chemicals, and Processes Explosives, Lithium Batteries Heat, fire, explosion, pressure generation: Scales of Reaction Self-heating of a reaction and heat loss from 3 vessels, all features of undesired reactions. A, B and C is illustrated below. Reactive Chemicals and Materials, Monomers, Resins, R & D A can control the sample to temp T1, B will control the Peroxides, API’s Batteries and Explosives – all have the Process Development sample at the critical temperature, TNR and C cannot potential to produce heat by exothermic reactions, these control the thermal runaway. Manufacturing typically are unwanted. If the heat is not removed there is the potential for a Runaway Reaction. Transportation A B C There is the need to understand the likelihood and to Storage assess the impact of ‘undesired reactions’. This can be done in the laboratory on a smaller scale with the aim to simulate the scenario of what can happen in real life on In the Chemical Industry, for all potential Runaway E any larger industrial scale. Reactions, heat loss possibility and environmental IM conditions are important, scale is important… T Such an understanding of energy release from chemical reactions and the potential for runaway reactions is vitally A small vessel will lose more heat than a large vessel; the important in many branches of the Chemical & Allied large vessel is more adiabatic. A reactive material in a TNR T1 Industries. When the heat generated by a chemical smaller vessel will be stable to a higher temperature than T E M P E R A T U R E process is greater than the possible heat removal, the the same material in a larger vessel. The same sample Explosion temperature will rise with perhaps catastrophic effect! It may be safe in a beaker or drum – but may runaway in Loss of Property is an adiabatic calorimeter that can simulate such a tanker causing explosion. A battery may be stable as a unknown exothermic runaway reactions, mimicking what single unit – but as a battery pack in a black cased can happen on large scale and giving worst case data; Notebook alongside heat-producing electronic ARC technology was first devised 30 years ago, time has Safety data obtained under zero-heat loss conditions. components heat output may raise the battery temperature moved on – but the potential hazard of chemicals, Loss of Control E causing disintegration and fire. intermediates, pharmaceuticals, monomer, and explosives The true ARC, originally developed by Dow Chemical in T remains. But new hazardous materials are now in use. the USA, is the famous, the most well known and the A To simulate the real-life or large scale scenario, the R world's most widely used adiabatic safety calorimeter. Processing sample under investigation must be in an environment In addition one well-known new ARC application is R The ARC will provide full information on heat and without heat loss (or gain). The adiabatic environment Lithium Batteries. Lithium Batteries have the potential to O Loss of Yield pressure release showing the likelihood of self-heating, best reproduced in the ARC. runaway for more than one reason. Their chemistry is P hazardous; lithium ions on carbon anodes, flammable exothermic and the potential for a runaway reaction M Storage The temperature where the heat production exceeds the electrolyte, unstable de-lithiated oxide materials (cathode) occurring. The ARC results will also enable optimum ET heat loss is the Temperature of No Return (T Loss of Assay NR). There is and a battery that will contain the highest charge density. conditions to be employed to allow inherently safer not just one TNR, this value will change as heat loss operation. Only when tests are conducted in a truly potential changes. Vary the environment and the TNR can adiabatic system (i.e. the ARC), is it possible to scale-up be reduced significantly. Heat generation is quantified by from the laboratory scale to any commercial scale. the adiabatic calorimeter; the heat loss may be measured or calculated. ARC test data can then be linked with heat loss information giving T T I M E NR, maximum pack size, SADT, What happens if a chemical or system maximum safe operating or storage temperature. This self heats? answers questions such as: It must be realised that for reactions obeying classical Initially (near onset of self-heating) this reaction will be kinetics the heat produced will increase slow. In chemicals this gives a loss of yield, a shelf life EXPONENTIALLY with temperature, but heat loss from Can the material be used safely? issue. At this stage heat loss is likely to pose little potential vessel will only increase LINEARLY with temperature. of a runaway and an explosion. However should the Should conditions be modified? reaction accumulate heat it will accelerate and as Is your process safe? Is the storage safe? temperature rises the rate of reaction will also increase. If Should smaller containers be used? the reaction is not kept under control, a safety problem will occur, which may result in explosion, loss of property, Is the material safe to transport in such scale even human injury or death. It is necessary to remove this in hot countries? Clearly the need to assess safety of chemicals, materials, heat of reaction to control the reaction. To maintain systems and even batteries for their potential to self-heat Is the battery safe? control of the reaction the heat loss must be greater than has never been greater. There has never been a time the heat production. when there is greater need for data obtained by THERE IS A VITAL NEED FOR ADIABATIC SAFETY DATA adiabatic calorimetry as supplied by the THT ARC, the FROM THE ARC TO ANSWER SUCH QUESTIONS. world benchmark Adiabatic Safety Calorimeter. 4 5 Main Heading Main Heading Safety of Chemical Reactions main header Safety of Reactive Chemicals, and Processes Explosives, Lithium Batteries Heat, fire, explosion, pressure generation: Scales of Reaction Self-heating of a reaction and heat loss from 3 vessels, all features of undesired reactions. A, B and C is illustrated below. Reactive Chemicals and Materials, Monomers, Resins, R & D A can control the sample to temp T1, B will control the Peroxides, API’s Batteries and Explosives – all have the Process Development sample at the critical temperature, TNR and C cannot potential to produce heat by exothermic reactions, these control the thermal runaway. Manufacturing typically are unwanted. If the heat is not removed there is the potential for a Runaway Reaction. Transportation A B C There is the need to understand the likelihood and to Storage assess the impact of ‘undesired reactions’. This can be done in the laboratory on a smaller scale with the aim to simulate the scenario of what can happen in real life on In the Chemical Industry, for all potential Runaway E any larger industrial scale. Reactions, heat loss possibility and environmental IM conditions are important, scale is important… T Such an understanding of energy release from chemical reactions and the potential for runaway reactions is vitally A small vessel will lose more heat than a large vessel; the important in many branches of the Chemical & Allied large vessel is more adiabatic. A reactive material in a TNR T1 Industries. When the heat generated by a chemical smaller vessel will be stable to a higher temperature than T E M P E R A T U R E process is greater than the possible heat removal, the the same material in a larger vessel. The same sample Explosion temperature will rise with perhaps catastrophic effect! It may be safe in a beaker or drum – but may runaway in Loss of Property is an adiabatic calorimeter that can simulate such a tanker causing explosion. A battery may be stable as a unknown exothermic runaway reactions, mimicking what single unit – but as a battery pack in a black cased can happen on large scale and giving worst case data; Notebook alongside heat-producing electronic ARC technology was first devised 30 years ago, time has Safety data obtained under zero-heat loss conditions. components heat output may raise the battery temperature moved on – but the potential hazard of chemicals, Loss of Control E causing disintegration and fire. intermediates, pharmaceuticals, monomer, and explosives The true ARC, originally developed by Dow Chemical in T remains. But new hazardous materials are now in use. the USA, is the famous, the most well known and the A To simulate the real-life or large scale scenario, the R world's most widely used adiabatic safety calorimeter. Processing sample under investigation must be in an environment In addition one well-known new ARC application is R The ARC will provide full information on heat and without heat loss (or gain). The adiabatic environment Lithium Batteries. Lithium Batteries have the potential to O Loss of Yield pressure release showing the likelihood of self-heating, best reproduced in the ARC. runaway for more than one reason. Their chemistry is P hazardous; lithium ions on carbon anodes, flammable exothermic and the potential for a runaway reaction M Storage The temperature where the heat production exceeds the electrolyte, unstable de-lithiated oxide materials (cathode) occurring. The ARC results will also enable optimum ET heat loss is the Temperature of No Return (T Loss of Assay NR). There is and a battery that will contain the highest charge density. conditions to be employed to allow inherently safer not just one TNR, this value will change as heat loss operation. Only when tests are conducted in a truly potential changes. Vary the environment and the TNR can adiabatic system (i.e. the ARC), is it possible to scale-up be reduced significantly. Heat generation is quantified by from the laboratory scale to any commercial scale. the adiabatic calorimeter; the heat loss may be measured or calculated. ARC test data can then be linked with heat loss information giving T T I M E NR, maximum pack size, SADT, What happens if a chemical or system maximum safe operating or storage temperature. This self heats? answers questions such as: It must be realised that for reactions obeying classical Initially (near onset of self-heating) this reaction will be kinetics the heat produced will increase slow. In chemicals this gives a loss of yield, a shelf life EXPONENTIALLY with temperature, but heat loss from Can the material be used safely? issue. At this stage heat loss is likely to pose little potential vessel will only increase LINEARLY with temperature. of a runaway and an explosion. However should the Should conditions be modified? reaction accumulate heat it will accelerate and as Is your process safe? Is the storage safe? temperature rises the rate of reaction will also increase. If Should smaller containers be used? the reaction is not kept under control, a safety problem will occur, which may result in explosion, loss of property, Is the material safe to transport in such scale even human injury or death. It is necessary to remove this in hot countries? Clearly the need to assess safety of chemicals, materials, heat of reaction to control the reaction. To maintain systems and even batteries for their potential to self-heat Is the battery safe? control of the reaction the heat loss must be greater than has never been greater. There has never been a time the heat production. when there is greater need for data obtained by THERE IS A VITAL NEED FOR ADIABATIC SAFETY DATA adiabatic calorimetry as supplied by the THT ARC, the FROM THE ARC TO ANSWER SUCH QUESTIONS. world benchmark Adiabatic Safety Calorimeter. 4 5 Main Heading Main Heading ESARC main header Devised by Dow Chemical Company in the 1970’s, an THT has played the major role in ARC technology In use the sample is contained in a holder often a metal The system wil then apply heat to the calorimeter jacket explosion at a Dow UK site led to commercialisation of development and THT has continuously kept ARC ARC Bomb, a sphere 2.5cm in diameter of Titanium or to keep its temperature the same as the bomb/sample ARC technology. The Chemical Processing Industry has technology in manufacture. Hastelloy C. The sample mass is typically 2-8g but the – i.e. the calorimeter tracks the exothermic temperature been safer from its first availability in 1980! The ARC has amount of sample used depends upon the expected rise adiabatical y. THT has produced up-to-date instruments and has specific features and advantages that make it unique and energy release and type of sample container used. The extended and enhanced the technology as requested, by This adiabatic control and the ability to maintain the preferable to all other technologies that were available at bomb is attached to the lid section on the calorimeter users. THT has worked with users worldwide to calorimeter to hundredths of a degree similar to the this time – and today 30 years later this technology is still assembly by a pressure fitting and a line leads to the understand their needs and to develop new products and bomb is the key feature of the ARC. The system continues the number one choice for most people focusing in this pressure transducer. A thermocouple is attached to the opportunities. in the Exotherm mode until the rate of self-heating area of quantifying exothermic reactions, effect of heat outer surface of the bomb. The lid section of the reduces and becomes less than the chosen sensitivity. At upon materials and simulating runaway reactions. Key Aspects of the ARC: calorimeter rests on the base section. The calorimeter has this stage the Heat-Wait-Seek procedure wil resume. three separate controlled zones. The top (lid section) When the End Temperature is reached (or an End contains two heaters and a thermocouple, the side zone Excellent Adiabatic Control Pressure is reached) the test automatical y stops. Rapid contains four heaters and a thermocouple and the bottom cooling, by compressed air, wil begin. The aim of the Universal Sample Type zone in the calorimeter base contains two heaters and a ARC is to complete the test to get a ful time, temperature, Ultimate Sensitivity thermocouple. After set up and connection, the and pressure profile of the exothermic reaction in a safe calorimeter is sealed inside an explosion proof Ease of Use and control ed manner, typical y within a time period of containment vessel. Test set up is simple; the hardware is 24 hours. Simplified Data Analysis ready to go. Experimental conditions are entered into the controller, a current specification workstation, this takes Widespread acceptance of only 2 or 3 minutes then the test can be commenced. ARC Data worldwide There are few test conditions that have to be specified – Safe in Use a Start Temperature and an End Temperature, plus the ‘Heat Steps' (usually 3°C or 5°C), the 'Wait Time' (typical y 10-30 minutes) and ‘Detection Sensitivity' And Latest Features: (usually 0.01°C/min or 0.02°C/min). The system will at first heat to the Start Temperature. To do Greater Stability, this, a small heater in the calorimeter, the radiant heater, Higher Sensitivity applies heat. This heats the sample, bomb and its Wider Temperature Range thermocouple. The calorimeter is cooler and this More Versatile Isothermal temperature difference is observed by the three Modes calorimeter thermocouples. The system will then apply power to the calorimeter heaters to minimise the Remote Operation worldwide temperature difference. This will continue as the Virtual Technician temperature rises to the Start Temperature. When this Start Temperature is reached, the system will go into a Wait Endotherms/Exotherms period, during this time no heat is provided by the radiant Zero Reflux heater. This allows the temperature differences within the Gas Flow calorimeter to be reduced to zero. Low Phi containers The calorimeter operates at all times in a quasi-adiabatic mode; the calorimeter temperature tracks the sample temperature. This Wait period is followed by the Seek Plus period. Again during this period (typically 20 minutes) no heat is provided by the radiant heater, and any temperature drift, upwards or downwards, is recorded. Additional Larger Calorimeters If there is no upward temperature drift, the unit will Options for Battery Applications implement a Heat step. This Heat-Wait-Seek procedure is the normal mode of operation of the ARC. It will continue until, at a certain temperature, an upward temperature drift is observed. This is likely to be from self-heating of the sample; exothermic reaction. When this temperature rise is at a rate greater than the selected sensitivity the system automatically switches to the Exotherm mode. 6 7 Main Heading Main Heading ESARC main header Devised by Dow Chemical Company in the 1970’s, an THT has played the major role in ARC technology In use the sample is contained in a holder often a metal The system wil then apply heat to the calorimeter jacket explosion at a Dow UK site led to commercialisation of development and THT has continuously kept ARC ARC Bomb, a sphere 2.5cm in diameter of Titanium or to keep its temperature the same as the bomb/sample ARC technology. The Chemical Processing Industry has technology in manufacture. Hastelloy C. The sample mass is typically 2-8g but the – i.e. the calorimeter tracks the exothermic temperature been safer from its first availability in 1980! The ARC has amount of sample used depends upon the expected rise adiabatical y. THT has produced up-to-date instruments and has specific features and advantages that make it unique and energy release and type of sample container used. The extended and enhanced the technology as requested, by This adiabatic control and the ability to maintain the preferable to all other technologies that were available at bomb is attached to the lid section on the calorimeter users. THT has worked with users worldwide to calorimeter to hundredths of a degree similar to the this time – and today 30 years later this technology is still assembly by a pressure fitting and a line leads to the understand their needs and to develop new products and bomb is the key feature of the ARC. The system continues the number one choice for most people focusing in this pressure transducer. A thermocouple is attached to the opportunities. in the Exotherm mode until the rate of self-heating area of quantifying exothermic reactions, effect of heat outer surface of the bomb. The lid section of the reduces and becomes less than the chosen sensitivity. At upon materials and simulating runaway reactions. Key Aspects of the ARC: calorimeter rests on the base section. The calorimeter has this stage the Heat-Wait-Seek procedure wil resume. three separate controlled zones. The top (lid section) When the End Temperature is reached (or an End contains two heaters and a thermocouple, the side zone Excellent Adiabatic Control Pressure is reached) the test automatical y stops. Rapid contains four heaters and a thermocouple and the bottom cooling, by compressed air, wil begin. The aim of the Universal Sample Type zone in the calorimeter base contains two heaters and a ARC is to complete the test to get a ful time, temperature, Ultimate Sensitivity thermocouple. After set up and connection, the and pressure profile of the exothermic reaction in a safe calorimeter is sealed inside an explosion proof Ease of Use and control ed manner, typical y within a time period of containment vessel. Test set up is simple; the hardware is 24 hours. Simplified Data Analysis ready to go. Experimental conditions are entered into the controller, a current specification workstation, this takes Widespread acceptance of only 2 or 3 minutes then the test can be commenced. ARC Data worldwide There are few test conditions that have to be specified – Safe in Use a Start Temperature and an End Temperature, plus the ‘Heat Steps' (usually 3°C or 5°C), the 'Wait Time' (typical y 10-30 minutes) and ‘Detection Sensitivity' And Latest Features: (usually 0.01°C/min or 0.02°C/min). The system will at first heat to the Start Temperature. To do Greater Stability, this, a small heater in the calorimeter, the radiant heater, Higher Sensitivity applies heat. This heats the sample, bomb and its Wider Temperature Range thermocouple. The calorimeter is cooler and this More Versatile Isothermal temperature difference is observed by the three Modes calorimeter thermocouples. The system will then apply power to the calorimeter heaters to minimise the Remote Operation worldwide temperature difference. This will continue as the Virtual Technician temperature rises to the Start Temperature. When this Start Temperature is reached, the system will go into a Wait Endotherms/Exotherms period, during this time no heat is provided by the radiant Zero Reflux heater. This allows the temperature differences within the Gas Flow calorimeter to be reduced to zero. Low Phi containers The calorimeter operates at all times in a quasi-adiabatic mode; the calorimeter temperature tracks the sample temperature. This Wait period is followed by the Seek Plus period. Again during this period (typically 20 minutes) no heat is provided by the radiant heater, and any temperature drift, upwards or downwards, is recorded. Additional Larger Calorimeters If there is no upward temperature drift, the unit will Options for Battery Applications implement a Heat step. This Heat-Wait-Seek procedure is the normal mode of operation of the ARC. It will continue until, at a certain temperature, an upward temperature drift is observed. This is likely to be from self-heating of the sample; exothermic reaction. When this temperature rise is at a rate greater than the selected sensitivity the system automatically switches to the Exotherm mode. 6 7 Main Heading Main Heading ESARC main Oper header ation of the ARC THT ARC Hallmarks… Heat Wait Seek Operation; As the test Adiabatic Control proceeds The Control Tab shows Continuity the Test Status and start test all test information – with options for Enhancement if T>Tf H E A T manual modifications etc. Expansion As the test proceeds all data can be viewed. Safe in Use W A I T C O O L I D L E Note the ‘Sub Tabs’...for Temp end test Rate, Pressure, 1 Cubic Metre Containment Vessel dT/dtonset Software Shut Down Facilities Fume Extraction Automated EXOTHERM dtT All Explosions Contained f Rugged and Robust Construction The logic of Heat-Wait-Seek operation is shown, at all Ease of Use stages the system controls adiabatically. As the test proceeds typical y exothermic reaction With conditions of NO HEAT LOSS or gain, the data commences. This is shown in the annotated illustration. At 10 Minute Set Up from an exotherm reaction is ‘WORST CASE’ DATA. In low temperatures there is no reaction, the temperature in Real Time Operations Software Intuitive Labview Software this way the ARC gives a SIMULATION of what can the Seek period is constant, i.e. no reaction. When Set Up, Control and On-the-Fly Changing happen. reaction commences there is indication of temperature Large Working Volume The set-up of a test is carried out by entry of increase in the Seek period; initially the rate of self-This worst case data may then be extrapolated reliably to information into user-friendly screens. This will include heating, as indicated, will be below the onset Sensitivity. any industrial or commercial larger scale. At a higher temperature, when the self-heating is faster Versatile in Use information on the sample and the bomb and then the test conditions. Most are ‘default values’, minimizing As there is no heat loss, the data can be used in any than the sensitivity, the ARC switches automatically to data entry. Click Start Test and the test will simulation, to determine the possibility of what can Exotherm mode. Any Sample Type commence. At any time conditions may be changed happen for any heat loss scenario. Many Sample Holders (on-the-fly); at any time the Mode may be manually The three Screen illustrations show the Real Time Software 120 120 Exotherms, Endotherms changed. Data is immediately seen on the screen in of the ESARC. There are two main ‘Tabs’. The top 118 118 all graphical and tabular forms. There is a Messages ) illustration shows the Control Tab; here the ‘virtual C 116 116 Isothermal, Isoperibolic file that records all appropriate test information. The ° instrument’ is displayed. All temperatures and pressure are (E 114 114 Gas Atmosphere, Vacuum software allows start delay, and the set up of any shown, there are heater lights that flash and all useful R 112 112 number of tests to start at the click of a button. The experimental information is given. From here conditions UT 110 110 control workstation can be made dormant and the can be changed during the test. The Data Tab, lower two A Exotherm R 108 108 control switched to any allowed PC anywhere in the illustrations, has several ‘sub-Tabs’. Shown here are the E world. The current data can be broadcast to any P 106 106 Temp-Time display and the Tabulated Data display. Here M Some Reaction, below sensitivity number of networked computers. The data is in 104 104 the data can be inspected during the test. ET column and row format. After the test, the shut down 102 No reaction 102 is similarly simple, cooling and fume extraction will 100 100 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 come on automatically. The ESARC has latest user-T I M E ( m i n u t e s ) friendly real time software. ARC Operation – has never been so easy and elegant 8 9 Main Heading Main Heading ESARC main Oper header ation of the ARC THT ARC Hallmarks… Heat Wait Seek Operation; As the test Adiabatic Control proceeds The Control Tab shows Continuity the Test Status and start test all test information – with options for Enhancement if T>Tf H E A T manual modifications etc. Expansion As the test proceeds all data can be viewed. Safe in Use W A I T C O O L I D L E Note the ‘Sub Tabs’...for Temp end test Rate, Pressure, 1 Cubic Metre Containment Vessel dT/dtonset Software Shut Down Facilities Fume Extraction Automated EXOTHERM dtT All Explosions Contained f Rugged and Robust Construction The logic of Heat-Wait-Seek operation is shown, at all Ease of Use stages the system controls adiabatically. As the test proceeds typical y exothermic reaction With conditions of NO HEAT LOSS or gain, the data commences. This is shown in the annotated illustration. At 10 Minute Set Up from an exotherm reaction is ‘WORST CASE’ DATA. In low temperatures there is no reaction, the temperature in Real Time Operations Software Intuitive Labview Software this way the ARC gives a SIMULATION of what can the Seek period is constant, i.e. no reaction. When Set Up, Control and On-the-Fly Changing happen. reaction commences there is indication of temperature Large Working Volume The set-up of a test is carried out by entry of increase in the Seek period; initially the rate of self-This worst case data may then be extrapolated reliably to information into user-friendly screens. This will include heating, as indicated, will be below the onset Sensitivity. any industrial or commercial larger scale. At a higher temperature, when the self-heating is faster Versatile in Use information on the sample and the bomb and then the test conditions. Most are ‘default values’, minimizing As there is no heat loss, the data can be used in any than the sensitivity, the ARC switches automatically to data entry. Click Start Test and the test will simulation, to determine the possibility of what can Exotherm mode. Any Sample Type commence. At any time conditions may be changed happen for any heat loss scenario. Many Sample Holders (on-the-fly); at any time the Mode may be manually The three Screen illustrations show the Real Time Software 120 120 Exotherms, Endotherms changed. Data is immediately seen on the screen in of the ESARC. There are two main ‘Tabs’. The top 118 118 all graphical and tabular forms. There is a Messages ) illustration shows the Control Tab; here the ‘virtual C 116 116 Isothermal, Isoperibolic file that records all appropriate test information. The ° instrument’ is displayed. All temperatures and pressure are (E 114 114 Gas Atmosphere, Vacuum software allows start delay, and the set up of any shown, there are heater lights that flash and all useful R 112 112 number of tests to start at the click of a button. The experimental information is given. From here conditions UT 110 110 control workstation can be made dormant and the can be changed during the test. The Data Tab, lower two A Exotherm R 108 108 control switched to any allowed PC anywhere in the illustrations, has several ‘sub-Tabs’. Shown here are the E world. The current data can be broadcast to any P 106 106 Temp-Time display and the Tabulated Data display. Here M Some Reaction, below sensitivity number of networked computers. The data is in 104 104 the data can be inspected during the test. ET column and row format. After the test, the shut down 102 No reaction 102 is similarly simple, cooling and fume extraction will 100 100 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 come on automatically. The ESARC has latest user-T I M E ( m i n u t e s ) friendly real time software. ARC Operation – has never been so easy and elegant 8 9 Main Heading Main Heading Operation of the ARC main Data; header Standard Sample 20% DTBP During the test, Time, Temperature, Pressure Detection of Exotherm DTBP, di-tertiary butyl peroxide, is an organic peroxide All further analysis is carried out with the exotherm Data is stored... together with the 14 further columns that has been used over many years as the standard data file. The illustrations below are ‘screen shots’ from of data (e.g. calorimeter jacket temperature, mode, 122.000 TEMPERATURE sample to evaluate the performance of the ARC. This a test and illustrate the software features. TOP TEMPERATURE heater power) ) 121.000 C SIDE TEMPERATURE ° BOTTOM TEMPERATURE sample gives a simple decomposition that is wel ( 120.000 The data shows the course of the experiment with time. As an exothermic reaction proceeds the sample E characterized. The sample is diluted with toluene to a R 119.000 The data both before and after the exothermic reaction temperature increases, the bomb thermocouple senses a U concentration of 20%. Standard conditions are T 118.000 can be seen. At low temperature, reaction below the temperature higher than that of the calorimeter. The A employed, e.g. 6 grams mass. The result can be simply R 117.000 exothermic threshold may be noted and at higher signals are fed-back and when the calorimeter E analysed – there are two files to consider; the real time P 116.000 temperatures the calibration accuracy of the instrument temperatures are found to be low, heat is supplied to the M data file (*.dat) that contains all data and the exotherm E can be confirmed. By noting the pressure below the 115.000 calorimeter heaters. The calorimeter follows the T only data file (*.exo). Typically real time datasets are exotherm (and above) any indication of a leak can be 114.000 bomb/sample adiabatically; tracking is to 0.01°C – an 400.00 410.00 420.00 430.00 440.00 450.00 460.00 470.00 480.00 490.00 500.00 510.00 used to consider instrument performance, exotherm files T I M E ( m i n ) observed – or it may be that there is pressure generated adiabaticity higher than in any other technology, making are used for analysis. from a non-exothermic process. the ESARC the benchmark safety calorimeter. Tracking of Exotherm The data is Time, Temperature and Pressure, but from this 117.550 TEMPERATURE Real Time Data many potential data analyses are possible. From one ) TOP TEMPERATURE 117.500 C SIDE TEMPERATURE ° BOTTOM TEMPERATURE ARC test the information is very extensive as listed below; ( Data Analysis software is based upon National 117.450 E Raw data, Converted data, Phi Corrected data, Instruments Labview™. The four graphs illustrate R 117.400 U Calculated data (Time to Explosion), Thermokinetic data; temperature and pressure data plot against time, with T 117.350 A Applied data. calorimeter zone temperatures. This is the information R 117.300 EP that illustrates the test completely and shows the quality 117.250 M of the data and performance of the instrument. ET 117.200 117.150 437.00 438.00 439.00 440.00 441.00 442.00 443.00 444.00 445.00 446.00 447.00 448.00 449.00 T I M E ( m i n ) T I M E The Complete Data Illustrated Zoomed to show ‘Onset’ of Exotherm One ARC test will answer many questions… The questions T E M P E R AT U R E Is there a thermal hazard? At what temperature does it begin? P R E S S U R E How many processes; Simple or complex mechanism? Is there an effect of impurity or additive? How fast does it occur? (The kinetics). Raw Data Graphs Phi Corrected Graphs How big an event is it? (The thermodynamics). Temperature vs Time All Raw Data graphs At what temperature will all control be lost? Pressure vs Time Temp, Time & Rate graphs What time is there before explosion? How much pressure develops? Temp Rate vs I/T All converted graphs At what rate does pressure increase? Pressure Rate vs I/T Enthalpy, Power, Pressure vs Temperature Gas Generation Log Pressure vs I/T Time to Maximum Rate The conclusions Temp Rate vs Press Rate Phi Corrected Tabulated Data Zoomed to show Data After Exotherm Tracking of Exotherm How to control the process. 220 72 115 72 Converted Graphs Calculated Graphs How to regain control if this is lost. 218 70 PRESSURE 70 TEMPERATURE 216 68 114 68 How much time is there for corrective action TEMPERATURE TOP TEMPERATURE ? 214 66 66 Enthalpy vs Time Time to Maximum Rate SIDE TEMPERATURE 212 64 113 64 ) How much time is there for evacuation ) ? C 210 62 BOTTOM TEMPERATURE 62 C Power vs I/T Pseudo Zero Order Ea ° ° Which temperature should alarms be set. ( 208 60 112 60 ( Gas Generation vs Time Kinetic Model of SHR 206 58 58 E What is the Temperature of No Return. E 204 56 111 56 R R Gas Generation Rate vs I/T Calculated Tabulated Data 202 54 54 What is the Time to Explosion. U U T 200 52 110 52 T Kinetic values; Ea, n 198 50 50 What is the critical radius of storage vessel. A A R 196 48 109 48 R Heat of Reaction Evaluation of catalyst, inhibitor, accelerator, E 194 46 46 E P 192 44 108 44 P impurity. M 190 42 42 M E 188 40 107 40 E Determination of reaction kinetics and T 186 38 T 38 184 36 106 36 thermodynamics. 182 34 34 180 32 105 32 Information for relief vent sizing. 780 800 820 840 860 880 900 920 940 960 980 1000 1020 1040 300 310 320 330 340 350 360 370 380 390 400 410 420 430 440 450 460 470 480 T I M E ( m i n ) 10 T I M E ( m i n ) 11 Main Heading Main Heading Operation of the ARC main Data; header Standard Sample 20% DTBP During the test, Time, Temperature, Pressure Detection of Exotherm DTBP, di-tertiary butyl peroxide, is an organic peroxide All further analysis is carried out with the exotherm Data is stored... together with the 14 further columns that has been used over many years as the standard data file. The illustrations below are ‘screen shots’ from of data (e.g. calorimeter jacket temperature, mode, 122.000 TEMPERATURE sample to evaluate the performance of the ARC. This a test and illustrate the software features. TOP TEMPERATURE heater power) ) 121.000 C SIDE TEMPERATURE ° BOTTOM TEMPERATURE sample gives a simple decomposition that is wel ( 120.000 The data shows the course of the experiment with time. As an exothermic reaction proceeds the sample E characterized. The sample is diluted with toluene to a R 119.000 The data both before and after the exothermic reaction temperature increases, the bomb thermocouple senses a U concentration of 20%. Standard conditions are T 118.000 can be seen. At low temperature, reaction below the temperature higher than that of the calorimeter. The A employed, e.g. 6 grams mass. The result can be simply R 117.000 exothermic threshold may be noted and at higher signals are fed-back and when the calorimeter E analysed – there are two files to consider; the real time P 116.000 temperatures the calibration accuracy of the instrument temperatures are found to be low, heat is supplied to the M data file (*.dat) that contains all data and the exotherm E can be confirmed. By noting the pressure below the 115.000 calorimeter heaters. The calorimeter follows the T only data file (*.exo). Typically real time datasets are exotherm (and above) any indication of a leak can be 114.000 bomb/sample adiabatically; tracking is to 0.01°C – an 400.00 410.00 420.00 430.00 440.00 450.00 460.00 470.00 480.00 490.00 500.00 510.00 used to consider instrument performance, exotherm files T I M E ( m i n ) observed – or it may be that there is pressure generated adiabaticity higher than in any other technology, making are used for analysis. from a non-exothermic process. the ESARC the benchmark safety calorimeter. Tracking of Exotherm The data is Time, Temperature and Pressure, but from this 117.550 TEMPERATURE Real Time Data many potential data analyses are possible. From one ) TOP TEMPERATURE 117.500 C SIDE TEMPERATURE ° BOTTOM TEMPERATURE ARC test the information is very extensive as listed below; ( Data Analysis software is based upon National 117.450 E Raw data, Converted data, Phi Corrected data, Instruments Labview™. The four graphs illustrate R 117.400 U Calculated data (Time to Explosion), Thermokinetic data; temperature and pressure data plot against time, with T 117.350 A Applied data. calorimeter zone temperatures. This is the information R 117.300 EP that illustrates the test completely and shows the quality 117.250 M of the data and performance of the instrument. ET 117.200 117.150 437.00 438.00 439.00 440.00 441.00 442.00 443.00 444.00 445.00 446.00 447.00 448.00 449.00 T I M E ( m i n ) T I M E The Complete Data Illustrated Zoomed to show ‘Onset’ of Exotherm One ARC test will answer many questions… The questions T E M P E R AT U R E Is there a thermal hazard? At what temperature does it begin? P R E S S U R E How many processes; Simple or complex mechanism? Is there an effect of impurity or additive? How fast does it occur? (The kinetics). Raw Data Graphs Phi Corrected Graphs How big an event is it? (The thermodynamics). Temperature vs Time All Raw Data graphs At what temperature will all control be lost? Pressure vs Time Temp, Time & Rate graphs What time is there before explosion? How much pressure develops? Temp Rate vs I/T All converted graphs At what rate does pressure increase? Pressure Rate vs I/T Enthalpy, Power, Pressure vs Temperature Gas Generation Log Pressure vs I/T Time to Maximum Rate The conclusions Temp Rate vs Press Rate Phi Corrected Tabulated Data Zoomed to show Data After Exotherm Tracking of Exotherm How to control the process. 220 72 115 72 Converted Graphs Calculated Graphs How to regain control if this is lost. 218 70 PRESSURE 70 TEMPERATURE 216 68 114 68 How much time is there for corrective action TEMPERATURE TOP TEMPERATURE ? 214 66 66 Enthalpy vs Time Time to Maximum Rate SIDE TEMPERATURE 212 64 113 64 ) How much time is there for evacuation ) ? C 210 62 BOTTOM TEMPERATURE 62 C Power vs I/T Pseudo Zero Order Ea ° ° Which temperature should alarms be set. ( 208 60 112 60 ( Gas Generation vs Time Kinetic Model of SHR 206 58 58 E What is the Temperature of No Return. E 204 56 111 56 R R Gas Generation Rate vs I/T Calculated Tabulated Data 202 54 54 What is the Time to Explosion. U U T 200 52 110 52 T Kinetic values; Ea, n 198 50 50 What is the critical radius of storage vessel. A A R 196 48 109 48 R Heat of Reaction Evaluation of catalyst, inhibitor, accelerator, E 194 46 46 E P 192 44 108 44 P impurity. M 190 42 42 M E 188 40 107 40 E Determination of reaction kinetics and T 186 38 T 38 184 36 106 36 thermodynamics. 182 34 34 180 32 105 32 Information for relief vent sizing. 780 800 820 840 860 880 900 920 940 960 980 1000 1020 1040 300 310 320 330 340 350 360 370 380 390 400 410 420 430 440 450 460 470 480 T I M E ( m i n ) 10 T I M E ( m i n ) 11 Main Heading Main Heading Data; Standard Sample 20% DTBP main header Exotherm Data Merged Data Graphs Two Converted Data Graphs Analysis of Exotherm data can generate many graphs. ARCCal+ the data analysis software from THT, will allow Data is also available in Tabular form and there is the up to 9 data sets to be opened in any one application; Enthalpy as a Function of Time Power & Gas Production Rate as a Function of Temperature possibility to merge data sets. Results of all analyses can from all of these 3 separate analyses are possible. It is G 0.3 3 10 A then be written to a Report; this may be Microsoft Word, then possible to select any or all of the data sets to be 210 2 POWER S Excel or html format. 208 GAS PRODUCTION RATE 116 merged and carry out such merging 3 times to produce 3 ) 1 P 206 g R 204 0.6 114 separate merge data sets. Subsequent to this the work / ) 0.5 ( J b O 202 0.4 ( 0.3 a 112 D can be saved as a Project or Reports may be generated 200 W( 0.2 r U Raw Data Graphs y 198 / 110 incorporating any number of the open datasets. p C m l 196 RE 0.1 T i These are Temperature and Pressure, Self-Heat Rate, a 194 108 I h W 0.06 n O t 192 0.05 0.04 ) N Pressure Rate Graphs: The self-heat rate and pressure 106 n 190 O 0.03 120 Raw Data; Temperature and Pressure Rate E 188 P 0.02 R graphs are those most used for analysis; they show all 104 118 186 A ) P 0.01 features illustrated on other raw data graphs and much 184 20 200 r 102 T ° e 182 0.006 E C TEMPERATURE RATE more, e.g. onset of reaction, rate at any temperature, its ( 10 s 0 0.004 0.004 PRESSURE RATE 114 s 350 800 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 e 5 magnitude and complexity, single or multiple reactions, t u 4 T I M E ( m i n ) T E M P E R A T U R E ( ° C ) a 3 112 re autocatalysis, maximum rate. By knowing the rate at any R 2 110 R temperature first knowledge is obtained on cooling e 1 r a 108 Two Φ Corrected Data Graphs 0.5 t requirements, by knowing pressure rise the potential for ut 0.4 e 0.3 a 106 0.2 ( explosion can be realised. r b e 104 Phi corrected Temperature and Pressure Phi corrected Temperature Rate and Pressure Rate 0.1 a p r ) P 0.05 102 / n m 0.04 m R 230 55 i 200 200 e 0.03 225 E 0.004 0.02 i Phi CORRECTED TEMPERATURE RATE T 52 m Converted Graphs 220 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 n 100 S ) ) / 215 Phi CORRECTED PRESSURE RATE 116 S T e m p e r a t u r e ( C ° ) ° 48 210 P TEMPERATURE RATE C 40 205 44 R ° 30 U Conversion of the measured units to Enthalpy, Power, Gas C( PRESSURE RATE ( 200 Phi CORRECTED TEMPERATURE RATE 114 20 R 40 E 195 Phi CORRECTED PRESSURE RATE 190 S E 10 E generation allow the reaction to be assessed in units that E 36 112 Calculated Data, Phi-Corrected Time to Explosion R 185 S T TEMPERATURE RATE 180 PRESSURE RATE R 32 U A are well known and have more specific relevance. U 4 175 3 110 A 118 T R R 170 28 200 2 A T 165 E 24 E 108 1 E ) 180 116 R 160 155 ( ° R E 20 150 b 160 0.4 106 ( C( 114 P U 145 0.3 b 16 a Calculated Graphs T 140 M 140 r 0.2 a 135 12 ) E A 104 112 r E 130 0.1 R / 120 T 8 R Time to Maximum Rate is a key graph obtained from the 125 U 110 E 102 m 120 4 0.04 T Phi-CORRECTED TEMPERATURE 115 P 0.03 i ARC test; this indicates time available prior to explosion 100 110 0.02 0.004 n A EXTRAPOLATED BY COMPUTER FIT 108 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 M 110 120 140 160 180 200 220 230 ) R E and from this graph, phi corrected, and with knowledge 80 106 T I M E ( m i n ) E T E M P E R A T U R E ( C ° ) T P of heat loss from the container or vessel, maximum safe M 104 60 temperate or vessel size can be determined. From this ET 102 Two Merged Data Graphs (3 data sets) graph the SADT can be determined and Temperature of 100 0.1 1 50 100 1000 106 No Return values calculated. Kinetic Model graphs and ) T I M E T O M A X R A T E ( m i n ) n 120 i associated tabular data can be calculated when the data ) 200 20 ° m 10 obeys classical kinetics. This allows Activation Energy, C / ( C 116 Order of Reaction, Heat of Reaction to be obtained with ° E ( 114 Phi (Φ) Correction. In any adiabatic test, heat is lost into a graph that indicates the quality of the kinetic fit and thus R E the sample container. Correction can be made to the U 1 T 112 the reliability of the result. T A ful y adiabatic situation, the phi correction. A key U 110 T R advantage of the ARC is the ability to test a much wider A E 108 R R range of sample types than other calorimeters. E U 106 Phi (Φ) Corrected Graphs P T M A 104 Φ = 1 + (mb Cpb / ms Cps) 0.1 When kinetic modelling is achieved, the model is used to E R T E 102 perform phi correction. Φ corrected graphs are available Tests may be carried out with low energy samples in 110 P 350 800 M 0110 250 300 350 400 450 200 for all raw data graphs and all converted graphs. The Φ large volume containers, Φ may be 1.10, tests can be T I M E ( m i n ) E T E M P E R A T U R E ( C ° ) T corrected result can be plotted on the same graph as the carried out with energetic samples; liquids, solids, raw data illustrating the effect of heat loss into the Bomb slurries, etc, with smal er sample mass where Φ may be during the ARC test. 2, 5, 10, even higher. This is very important for explosive materials. The ability of the ARC to test such a wide range of Φ 12 values make it unique and gives the technology 13 unrival ed flexibility and versatility. Main Heading Main Heading Data; Standard Sample 20% DTBP main header Exotherm Data Merged Data Graphs Two Converted Data Graphs Analysis of Exotherm data can generate many graphs. ARCCal+ the data analysis software from THT, will allow Data is also available in Tabular form and there is the up to 9 data sets to be opened in any one application; Enthalpy as a Function of Time Power & Gas Production Rate as a Function of Temperature possibility to merge data sets. Results of all analyses can from all of these 3 separate analyses are possible. It is G 0.3 3 10 A then be written to a Report; this may be Microsoft Word, then possible to select any or all of the data sets to be 210 2 POWER S Excel or html format. 208 GAS PRODUCTION RATE 116 merged and carry out such merging 3 times to produce 3 ) 1 P 206 g R 204 0.6 114 separate merge data sets. Subsequent to this the work / ) 0.5 ( J b O 202 0.4 ( 0.3 a 112 D can be saved as a Project or Reports may be generated 200 W( 0.2 r U Raw Data Graphs y 198 / 110 incorporating any number of the open datasets. p C m l 196 RE 0.1 T i These are Temperature and Pressure, Self-Heat Rate, a 194 108 I h W 0.06 n O t 192 0.05 0.04 ) N Pressure Rate Graphs: The self-heat rate and pressure 106 n 190 O 0.03 120 Raw Data; Temperature and Pressure Rate E 188 P 0.02 R graphs are those most used for analysis; they show all 104 118 186 A ) P 0.01 features illustrated on other raw data graphs and much 184 20 200 r 102 T ° e 182 0.006 E C TEMPERATURE RATE more, e.g. onset of reaction, rate at any temperature, its ( 10 s 0 0.004 0.004 PRESSURE RATE 114 s 350 800 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 e 5 magnitude and complexity, single or multiple reactions, t u 4 T I M E ( m i n ) T E M P E R A T U R E ( ° C ) a 3 112 re autocatalysis, maximum rate. By knowing the rate at any R 2 110 R temperature first knowledge is obtained on cooling e 1 r a 108 Two Φ Corrected Data Graphs 0.5 t requirements, by knowing pressure rise the potential for ut 0.4 e 0.3 a 106 0.2 ( explosion can be realised. r b e 104 Phi corrected Temperature and Pressure Phi corrected Temperature Rate and Pressure Rate 0.1 a p r ) P 0.05 102 / n m 0.04 m R 230 55 i 200 200 e 0.03 225 E 0.004 0.02 i Phi CORRECTED TEMPERATURE RATE T 52 m Converted Graphs 220 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 n 100 S ) ) / 215 Phi CORRECTED PRESSURE RATE 116 S T e m p e r a t u r e ( C ° ) ° 48 210 P TEMPERATURE RATE C 40 205 44 R ° 30 U Conversion of the measured units to Enthalpy, Power, Gas C( PRESSURE RATE ( 200 Phi CORRECTED TEMPERATURE RATE 114 20 R 40 E 195 Phi CORRECTED PRESSURE RATE 190 S E 10 E generation allow the reaction to be assessed in units that E 36 112 Calculated Data, Phi-Corrected Time to Explosion R 185 S T TEMPERATURE RATE 180 PRESSURE RATE R 32 U A are well known and have more specific relevance. U 4 175 3 110 A 118 T R R 170 28 200 2 A T 165 E 24 E 108 1 E ) 180 116 R 160 155 ( ° R E 20 150 b 160 0.4 106 ( C( 114 P U 145 0.3 b 16 a Calculated Graphs T 140 M 140 r 0.2 a 135 12 ) E A 104 112 r E 130 0.1 R / 120 T 8 R Time to Maximum Rate is a key graph obtained from the 125 U 110 E 102 m 120 4 0.04 T Phi-CORRECTED TEMPERATURE 115 P 0.03 i ARC test; this indicates time available prior to explosion 100 110 0.02 0.004 n A EXTRAPOLATED BY COMPUTER FIT 108 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 M 110 120 140 160 180 200 220 230 ) R E and from this graph, phi corrected, and with knowledge 80 106 T I M E ( m i n ) E T E M P E R A T U R E ( C ° ) T P of heat loss from the container or vessel, maximum safe M 104 60 temperate or vessel size can be determined. From this ET 102 Two Merged Data Graphs (3 data sets) graph the SADT can be determined and Temperature of 100 0.1 1 50 100 1000 106 No Return values calculated. Kinetic Model graphs and ) T I M E T O M A X R A T E ( m i n ) n 120 i associated tabular data can be calculated when the data ) 200 20 ° m 10 obeys classical kinetics. This allows Activation Energy, C / ( C 116 Order of Reaction, Heat of Reaction to be obtained with ° E ( 114 Phi (Φ) Correction. In any adiabatic test, heat is lost into a graph that indicates the quality of the kinetic fit and thus R E the sample container. Correction can be made to the U 1 T 112 the reliability of the result. T A ful y adiabatic situation, the phi correction. A key U 110 T R advantage of the ARC is the ability to test a much wider A E 108 R R range of sample types than other calorimeters. E U 106 Phi (Φ) Corrected Graphs P T M A 104 Φ = 1 + (mb Cpb / ms Cps) 0.1 When kinetic modelling is achieved, the model is used to E R T E 102 perform phi correction. Φ corrected graphs are available Tests may be carried out with low energy samples in 110 P 350 800 M 0110 250 300 350 400 450 200 for all raw data graphs and all converted graphs. The Φ large volume containers, Φ may be 1.10, tests can be T I M E ( m i n ) E T E M P E R A T U R E ( C ° ) T corrected result can be plotted on the same graph as the carried out with energetic samples; liquids, solids, raw data illustrating the effect of heat loss into the Bomb slurries, etc, with smal er sample mass where Φ may be during the ARC test. 2, 5, 10, even higher. This is very important for explosive materials. The ability of the ARC to test such a wide range of Φ 12 values make it unique and gives the technology 13 unrival ed flexibility and versatility. Main Heading Main Heading Applications of the ARC main header Reactive Chemicals Monomers ORGANIC CHEMICALS Peroxides, azo dyes, nitro compounds and others with Polymerisation reactions can be studied in the ARC. In this reactive groups, plus intermediates and additives that contain application area, the reaction is control ed by using potential y more than 2 or 3 reactive groups are the major inhibitors, accelerators and other additives. This is an area types of sample tested in the ARC. Data is shown here for of application where isothermal testing is often employed. FINE CHEMICALS AIBN (an Azo initiator), Benzoyl Peroxide and NMTS, the The two il ustrations below show a styrene monomer original sample tested and reported by Dow Chemical. sample held isothermal y at 80°C (left) and at 75°C (right). At 75°C the reaction occurred after 65 hours, at 80°C the PHARMACEUTICALS reaction occurred after 2 hours. Temperature Rate and Pressure Rate as a Function of Temperature BLEACHES MONOMERS Temperature as a Function of Time Temperature as a Function of Time 10 100 )n P i TEMPERATURE RATE R 90 90 m E / PRESSURE RATE S ISO at 80ºC HIGH EXPLOSIVES, C S 88 88 °( U ISO at 75ºC R 86 86 E 1 10 E ) ) PROPELLANTS, TA R C° 84 C 84 R A ( °( T E E E 82 E 82 PYROTECHNICS R R R U (b U U T a T 80 T 80 A 0.1 1 r A A R / R R E m E 78 78 E P i P n P M ) M 76 M 76 BATTERIES E E E T T 74 T 74 AIBN 0.01 0.1 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 72 72 T E M P E R A T U R E ( ° C ) 70 70 RESINS 0 100 200 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 T I M E ( m i n ) Temperature Rate and Pressure Rate T I M E ( m i n ) as a Function of Temperature Explosives PEROXIDES ) 100 10000 n P Stability, onset of reaction, batch-to-batch variation, i R TEMPERATURE RATE m E / S compatibility, ageing, all areas of interest in Civilian and PRESSURE RATE 1000 C S °( U 10 Military explosives. This is an application area well DETERGENTS R E E T 100 suited to the ARC and where the ARC is extensively used A R R A worldwide. The illustration, used with permission, T E 1 10 E R illustrates a number of well known high explosives. ( DYESTUFFS U b T a A 1 r R / E m 0.1 P in M 0.1 ) E Adiabatic Self Heating of Some Energetic Substances FERTILIZERS T BPO 0.01 0.01 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 100 ) T E M P E R A T U R E ( ° C ) ni h [ ° C / m i n ] m/ BULK CHEMICALS C Temperature Rate and Pressure Rate ° 10 ( ADN RDX as a Function of Temperature E HNF lot 1 TAR ) 100 HMX P 1 NC ADDITIVES n 10 E i R R m E TEMPERATURE RATE U / S T C S PRESSURE RATE A CL20 °( U 10 R 1 0.1 R E E E P INTERMEDIATES TA R M R A E T T T [ ° C ] E 1 E 0.1 0.01 R 90 110 130 150 170 190 210 230 250 U (b T a A r OIL (SHALE, CRUDE) T E M P E R A T U R E ( ° C ) R / E m 0.1 0.01 P in M ) ET NMTS 14 0.01 0.001 15 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 T E M P E R A T U R E ( ° C ) Main Heading Main Heading Applications of the ARC main header Reactive Chemicals Monomers ORGANIC CHEMICALS Peroxides, azo dyes, nitro compounds and others with Polymerisation reactions can be studied in the ARC. In this reactive groups, plus intermediates and additives that contain application area, the reaction is control ed by using potential y more than 2 or 3 reactive groups are the major inhibitors, accelerators and other additives. This is an area types of sample tested in the ARC. Data is shown here for of application where isothermal testing is often employed. FINE CHEMICALS AIBN (an Azo initiator), Benzoyl Peroxide and NMTS, the The two il ustrations below show a styrene monomer original sample tested and reported by Dow Chemical. sample held isothermal y at 80°C (left) and at 75°C (right). At 75°C the reaction occurred after 65 hours, at 80°C the PHARMACEUTICALS reaction occurred after 2 hours. Temperature Rate and Pressure Rate as a Function of Temperature BLEACHES MONOMERS Temperature as a Function of Time Temperature as a Function of Time 10 100 )n P i TEMPERATURE RATE R 90 90 m E / PRESSURE RATE S ISO at 80ºC HIGH EXPLOSIVES, C S 88 88 °( U ISO at 75ºC R 86 86 E 1 10 E ) ) PROPELLANTS, TA R C° 84 C 84 R A ( °( T E E E 82 E 82 PYROTECHNICS R R R U (b U U T a T 80 T 80 A 0.1 1 r A A R / R R E m E 78 78 E P i P n P M ) M 76 M 76 BATTERIES E E E T T 74 T 74 AIBN 0.01 0.1 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 72 72 T E M P E R A T U R E ( ° C ) 70 70 RESINS 0 100 200 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 T I M E ( m i n ) Temperature Rate and Pressure Rate T I M E ( m i n ) as a Function of Temperature Explosives PEROXIDES ) 100 10000 n P Stability, onset of reaction, batch-to-batch variation, i R TEMPERATURE RATE m E / S compatibility, ageing, all areas of interest in Civilian and PRESSURE RATE 1000 C S °( U 10 Military explosives. This is an application area well DETERGENTS R E E T 100 suited to the ARC and where the ARC is extensively used A R R A worldwide. The illustration, used with permission, T E 1 10 E R illustrates a number of well known high explosives. ( DYESTUFFS U b T a A 1 r R / E m 0.1 P in M 0.1 ) E Adiabatic Self Heating of Some Energetic Substances FERTILIZERS T BPO 0.01 0.01 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 100 ) T E M P E R A T U R E ( ° C ) ni h [ ° C / m i n ] m/ BULK CHEMICALS C Temperature Rate and Pressure Rate ° 10 ( ADN RDX as a Function of Temperature E HNF lot 1 TAR ) 100 HMX P 1 NC ADDITIVES n 10 E i R R m E TEMPERATURE RATE U / S T C S PRESSURE RATE A CL20 °( U 10 R 1 0.1 R E E E P INTERMEDIATES TA R M R A E T T T [ ° C ] E 1 E 0.1 0.01 R 90 110 130 150 170 190 210 230 250 U (b T a A r OIL (SHALE, CRUDE) T E M P E R A T U R E ( ° C ) R / E m 0.1 0.01 P in M ) ET NMTS 14 0.01 0.001 15 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 T E M P E R A T U R E ( ° C ) Main Heading Main Heading Applications of the ARC main header In the variety of sample types that can be tested, the versatility of the ARC is unrivalled. The ARC is uniquely able to Epoxy Resins – and Comparison assess the Chemical Reactivity and Runaway potential of materials from low to high energies. Sample may be tested with DSC Data in the solid form, liquid form or slurries, pastes and mixtures – from sub gram to above 100 gram samples. Reaction Epoxy resins are used universally and manufactured in of gas to liquids and solids and testing at high pressures, testing with a flow of gas is possible, with stirring and with bulk by many well known name companies: Ciba, Cytec, dosing, measuring pressure as well as temperature. Hexcel, Shell. The results from 6 commercially available resins are shown, three have DSC data superimposed. All show a curing reaction followed by a decomposition. The Intermediate Selection Oil (Oxidation) ARC results illustrate the thermal differences in onset, heat In production processes there is often a choice of The characteristics of oil samples are important, release and rate of heat release. Comparing ARC with intermediates and there may be various catalysts or other particularly when Enhanced Oilfield Recovery techniques DSC illustrates the benefit of ARC testing; the clearest and additives that can be used. The stability of all choices and are being used such as in situ combustion. Oils have low most striking conclusion is that DSC shows reaction onset their effect on the reaction has to be determined. The ARC and high temperature oxidation regions. ARC testing is at significantly higher temperature. is a good choice; illustrated by a comparative set of six typically carried out at very high initial pressure (e.g. different materials. It can be seen that self-heat rate and 100bar). Testing is carried out with the oil alone or with )n pressure are good parameters for comparison, rock and water. Graphs below indicate differing oils and ) i 100.000 n 100.00 i m/ temperature-time is less appropriate. their interactions. m C ARC / ° C ( DSC ° 10.000 ( 10.000 ET E A T R Temperature as a Function of Time Temperature Rate as a Function of Temperature AR ER 1.000 E 1.000 U 350 )n 1000.00 R T i U A C01 m T R A E C06 / R 0.100 0.100 ) 300 C 100.00 OIL ARABIAN P E C RAX °( M ° OIL INDIAN P ( E BAX E M T E T E - R 250 9ZF A 10.00 T 0.10 C 0.010 U 8ZF R 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 500 R 50 100 150 200 250 300 400 500 T A A E T E M P E R A T U R E ( ° C ) T E M P E R A T U R E ( ° C ) R R E 200 1.00 U P T ) M A n E R i 100.000 T 150 ) E 0.10 n 100.00 m P i /C ARC M m/ ° 100 E C ( DSC 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 T 0.01 ° 10.000 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 ( 10.000 ET T I M E ( m i n ) A T E M P E R A T U R E ( ° C ) ET R AR ER 1.000 E 1.000 U Temperature Rate as a Function of Temperature Temperature Rate as a Function of Temperature R T U A ) T R )1000.00 n 1000.00 A E 0.100 n i R 0.100 P i C01 m E M m / OIL P / 100.00 E C C06 C C 100.00 M T ° ° OIL & ROCK E - ( RAX ( T 0.10 C 0.010 E BAX B E 50 100 150 200 250 300 400 500 R 50 100 150 200 250 300 400 500 T 10.00 T A A 9ZF A 10.00 T E M P E R A T U R E ( ° C ) T E M P E R A T U R E ( ° C ) R R 8ZF E E R 1.00 R U 1.00 ) T U n A T ) i 100.000 R A n 10.000 m E 0.10 R i / P E 0.10 m C ARC M P / °( E C M DSC T ° 0.01 10.000 E ( E 100 150 200 250 300 350 T 0.01 T 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 E 1.000 A T E M P E R A T U R E ( ° C ) T R A T E M P E R A T U R E ( ° C ) R ER 1.000 ER UT U A Pressure as a Function of Temperature Temperature Rate as a Function of Temperature T 0.100 R A E R 0.100 P ) E 150 n 1000.00 M i P E C01 M m T / OIL E - C06 T 0.010 C C 0.010 ) ° 100.00 OIL & WATER 50 100 150 200 250 300 400 500 R 50 100 150 200 250 300 400 500 r RAX ( A a T E M P E R A T U R E ( ° C ) T E M P E R A T U R E ( ° C ) b 100 BAX E ( T E 9ZF A 10.00 R 8ZF R U E SS R 1.00 E 50 U R T P ARE 0.10 P M 0 16 E 100 150 200 250 300 350 T 0.01 17 T E M P E R A T U R E ( ° C ) 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 T E M P E R A T U R E ( ° C ) Main Heading Main Heading Applications of the ARC main header In the variety of sample types that can be tested, the versatility of the ARC is unrivalled. The ARC is uniquely able to Epoxy Resins – and Comparison assess the Chemical Reactivity and Runaway potential of materials from low to high energies. Sample may be tested with DSC Data in the solid form, liquid form or slurries, pastes and mixtures – from sub gram to above 100 gram samples. Reaction Epoxy resins are used universally and manufactured in of gas to liquids and solids and testing at high pressures, testing with a flow of gas is possible, with stirring and with bulk by many well known name companies: Ciba, Cytec, dosing, measuring pressure as well as temperature. Hexcel, Shell. The results from 6 commercially available resins are shown, three have DSC data superimposed. All show a curing reaction followed by a decomposition. The Intermediate Selection Oil (Oxidation) ARC results illustrate the thermal differences in onset, heat In production processes there is often a choice of The characteristics of oil samples are important, release and rate of heat release. Comparing ARC with intermediates and there may be various catalysts or other particularly when Enhanced Oilfield Recovery techniques DSC illustrates the benefit of ARC testing; the clearest and additives that can be used. The stability of all choices and are being used such as in situ combustion. Oils have low most striking conclusion is that DSC shows reaction onset their effect on the reaction has to be determined. The ARC and high temperature oxidation regions. ARC testing is at significantly higher temperature. is a good choice; illustrated by a comparative set of six typically carried out at very high initial pressure (e.g. different materials. It can be seen that self-heat rate and 100bar). Testing is carried out with the oil alone or with )n pressure are good parameters for comparison, rock and water. Graphs below indicate differing oils and ) i 100.000 n 100.00 i m/ temperature-time is less appropriate. their interactions. m C ARC / ° C ( DSC ° 10.000 ( 10.000 ET E A T R Temperature as a Function of Time Temperature Rate as a Function of Temperature AR ER 1.000 E 1.000 U 350 )n 1000.00 R T i U A C01 m T R A E C06 / R 0.100 0.100 ) 300 C 100.00 OIL ARABIAN P E C RAX °( M ° OIL INDIAN P ( E BAX E M T E T E - R 250 9ZF A 10.00 T 0.10 C 0.010 U 8ZF R 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 500 R 50 100 150 200 250 300 400 500 T A A E T E M P E R A T U R E ( ° C ) T E M P E R A T U R E ( ° C ) R R E 200 1.00 U P T ) M A n E R i 100.000 T 150 ) E 0.10 n 100.00 m P i /C ARC M m/ ° 100 E C ( DSC 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 T 0.01 ° 10.000 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 ( 10.000 ET T I M E ( m i n ) A T E M P E R A T U R E ( ° C ) ET R AR ER 1.000 E 1.000 U Temperature Rate as a Function of Temperature Temperature Rate as a Function of Temperature R T U A ) T R )1000.00 n 1000.00 A E 0.100 n i R 0.100 P i C01 m E M m / OIL P / 100.00 E C C06 C C 100.00 M T ° ° OIL & ROCK E - ( RAX ( T 0.10 C 0.010 E BAX B E 50 100 150 200 250 300 400 500 R 50 100 150 200 250 300 400 500 T 10.00 T A A 9ZF A 10.00 T E M P E R A T U R E ( ° C ) T E M P E R A T U R E ( ° C ) R R 8ZF E E R 1.00 R U 1.00 ) T U n A T ) i 100.000 R A n 10.000 m E 0.10 R i / P E 0.10 m C ARC M P / °( E C M DSC T ° 0.01 10.000 E ( E 100 150 200 250 300 350 T 0.01 T 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 E 1.000 A T E M P E R A T U R E ( ° C ) T R A T E M P E R A T U R E ( ° C ) R ER 1.000 ER UT U A Pressure as a Function of Temperature Temperature Rate as a Function of Temperature T 0.100 R A E R 0.100 P ) E 150 n 1000.00 M i P E C01 M m T / OIL E - C06 T 0.010 C C 0.010 ) ° 100.00 OIL & WATER 50 100 150 200 250 300 400 500 R 50 100 150 200 250 300 400 500 r RAX ( A a T E M P E R A T U R E ( ° C ) T E M P E R A T U R E ( ° C ) b 100 BAX E ( T E 9ZF A 10.00 R 8ZF R U E SS R 1.00 E 50 U R T P ARE 0.10 P M 0 16 E 100 150 200 250 300 350 T 0.01 17 T E M P E R A T U R E ( ° C ) 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 T E M P E R A T U R E ( ° C ) Main Heading Main Heading Options for the ARC main header For the first 15 years the ARC saw lit le development and Cryogenic Operation Dosing Fume Extraction few options added. THT however has worked with a variety With more processes being developed utilizing sub-zero THT offer two options to enable dosing; The Manual The ESARC has in-built capability for fume extraction. A fan of users to develop Options and Kits to extend the use of the operating temperatures there has been a need for low Dosing Unit (MDU) achieves addition by manual dosing at in the ceiling of the containment vessel operates ARC and make it more flexible and versatile. temperature testing. The CSU Option is a passive unit that ambient pressure with a glass syringe at the start of the test. automatically in conjunction with the test conditions and Options may be passive or active. Active options are under at aches directly on to the ARC. This passive unit can be viewed as a low cost experimental software. However in some application areas there may Workstation control. option. The computer-control ed Automated Dosing Unit be need for significant additional extraction. This may be (ADU) is ful y control ed to the case when specific materials are to be tested within Kits are simpler, they are hardware add-ons that have enable dosing at any time the Pharmaceutical Industry. particular use and relevance in specific areas of application. during the test. Dosing can Some options are detailed here. The Fume Hood Unit (FHU) incorporates a very high be made at elevated speed extraction fan and additional door cover to give a pressure. A stainless steel gas extraction rate in excess of Fume Cupboards. This is high pressure syringe and Low Phi and Fast Tracking an option to further enhance safe operations. specific dosing sample The most simple addition to increase application of the containers are used. ARC was the development of alternative sample containers. Automated Lid Lifting THT have designed and produced a range of 65ml lightweight test cel s. These are manufactured from 316-Stirring and Agitation The calorimeter lid can be raised and lowered Stainless Steel and provide users with several testing automatical y with the Pneumatic Rising Unit (PRU). This has Stirring is important for reaction mixtures and non-options. These containers are often used with the ‘Burst Disk been made available for users for whom lifting of the homogeneous materials. In some applications it is Assembly’ designed to relieve pressure and discharge to an The CSU option reduces the temperature of the calorimeter lid can be difficult.This is an option to further necessary to test such samples within a stirred environment. in-built catch pot in the event of rapid pressurisation. containment vessel and calorimeter and sample to - 40°C enhance ease of use. This is typical y the realm of a al owing testing from this temperature. This is a unique reaction calorimeter, rather option to the THT ARC. than a adiabatic calorimeter. But for those customers who have this requirement THT Gas Collection and Safe Gas Release offer the ASU option. Stirring THT have developed several options. These range from a is continuous mixing in one simple manual gas release system (SSM) through to a direction; agitation has system al owing 4 samples varied direction stirring. to be automatical y taken during the course of the test (SSU). An intermediate Vent Sizing system (SSS), where the THT offer manual and automated options to al ow closed gas is released and vessel tests, tempering and hydrodynamic tests. Such tests automatical y col ected at typical y require additional options; stirring, low phi and the To extend the maximum rate of adiabatic tracking, THT the end of the test is offered. fast track calorimeter may be needed. introduced the ‘Fast Tracking Calorimeter with an ability to For col ection a variety of Kits fol ow exotherms to 150°C/min. The Fast Tracking vessels are available; for safe release the supplied These are options to further extend the versatility of Calorimeter looks identical to the standard Dow Patent scrubber tank may be fil ed with appropriate neutralising ARC testing. Kits have been developed by THT to facilitate specific design, but consists of thinner wal construction and fast material. testing in the ARC where hardware modifications are acting heaters. It is most important in any adiabatic safety appropriate. These include Explosive Test Kit (containing High Pressure Flow Option calorimeter to be able to test over a range of phi values. low volume sample holders, high volume feed through Standard ARC bombs are applicable for the vast majority For in-situ combustion applications, a high pressure/low tube, burst disk assembly), Side Branch Kit (containing of tests; for solids, for high energy samples phi is 1.2 or flow rate gas supply is often required to simulate oil alternative pressure feed-through tubes and a Burst Disk above. Lower phi values are useful for vent sizing or low reservoir conditions. To meet this requirement, THT have Assembly; this prohibits any ‘reflux’ of sample or solvent energy samples. Phi is 1.05 or above. The ARC has the developed the High Pressure Flow Option, providing and avoids need for any ‘tube heater’), and Low Phi Kit ability to test al sample types, many other adiabatic accurate thermal and pressure measurement as wel as (containing low phi containers, special feed through tubes calorimeters do not. It also must be realised that the most control ed flue gas analysis capability. and burst disk assembly). important data is obtained near the onset where there is possibility for remedial action. 18 19 Main Heading Main Heading Options for the ARC main header For the first 15 years the ARC saw lit le development and Cryogenic Operation Dosing Fume Extraction few options added. THT however has worked with a variety With more processes being developed utilizing sub-zero THT offer two options to enable dosing; The Manual The ESARC has in-built capability for fume extraction. A fan of users to develop Options and Kits to extend the use of the operating temperatures there has been a need for low Dosing Unit (MDU) achieves addition by manual dosing at in the ceiling of the containment vessel operates ARC and make it more flexible and versatile. temperature testing. The CSU Option is a passive unit that ambient pressure with a glass syringe at the start of the test. automatically in conjunction with the test conditions and Options may be passive or active. Active options are under at aches directly on to the ARC. This passive unit can be viewed as a low cost experimental software. However in some application areas there may Workstation control. option. The computer-control ed Automated Dosing Unit be need for significant additional extraction. This may be (ADU) is ful y control ed to the case when specific materials are to be tested within Kits are simpler, they are hardware add-ons that have enable dosing at any time the Pharmaceutical Industry. particular use and relevance in specific areas of application. during the test. Dosing can Some options are detailed here. The Fume Hood Unit (FHU) incorporates a very high be made at elevated speed extraction fan and additional door cover to give a pressure. A stainless steel gas extraction rate in excess of Fume Cupboards. This is high pressure syringe and Low Phi and Fast Tracking an option to further enhance safe operations. specific dosing sample The most simple addition to increase application of the containers are used. ARC was the development of alternative sample containers. Automated Lid Lifting THT have designed and produced a range of 65ml lightweight test cel s. These are manufactured from 316-Stirring and Agitation The calorimeter lid can be raised and lowered Stainless Steel and provide users with several testing automatical y with the Pneumatic Rising Unit (PRU). This has Stirring is important for reaction mixtures and non-options. These containers are often used with the ‘Burst Disk been made available for users for whom lifting of the homogeneous materials. In some applications it is Assembly’ designed to relieve pressure and discharge to an The CSU option reduces the temperature of the calorimeter lid can be difficult.This is an option to further necessary to test such samples within a stirred environment. in-built catch pot in the event of rapid pressurisation. containment vessel and calorimeter and sample to - 40°C enhance ease of use. This is typical y the realm of a al owing testing from this temperature. This is a unique reaction calorimeter, rather option to the THT ARC. than a adiabatic calorimeter. But for those customers who have this requirement THT Gas Collection and Safe Gas Release offer the ASU option. Stirring THT have developed several options. These range from a is continuous mixing in one simple manual gas release system (SSM) through to a direction; agitation has system al owing 4 samples varied direction stirring. to be automatical y taken during the course of the test (SSU). An intermediate Vent Sizing system (SSS), where the THT offer manual and automated options to al ow closed gas is released and vessel tests, tempering and hydrodynamic tests. Such tests automatical y col ected at typical y require additional options; stirring, low phi and the To extend the maximum rate of adiabatic tracking, THT the end of the test is offered. fast track calorimeter may be needed. introduced the ‘Fast Tracking Calorimeter with an ability to For col ection a variety of Kits fol ow exotherms to 150°C/min. The Fast Tracking vessels are available; for safe release the supplied These are options to further extend the versatility of Calorimeter looks identical to the standard Dow Patent scrubber tank may be fil ed with appropriate neutralising ARC testing. Kits have been developed by THT to facilitate specific design, but consists of thinner wal construction and fast material. testing in the ARC where hardware modifications are acting heaters. It is most important in any adiabatic safety appropriate. These include Explosive Test Kit (containing High Pressure Flow Option calorimeter to be able to test over a range of phi values. low volume sample holders, high volume feed through Standard ARC bombs are applicable for the vast majority For in-situ combustion applications, a high pressure/low tube, burst disk assembly), Side Branch Kit (containing of tests; for solids, for high energy samples phi is 1.2 or flow rate gas supply is often required to simulate oil alternative pressure feed-through tubes and a Burst Disk above. Lower phi values are useful for vent sizing or low reservoir conditions. To meet this requirement, THT have Assembly; this prohibits any ‘reflux’ of sample or solvent energy samples. Phi is 1.05 or above. The ARC has the developed the High Pressure Flow Option, providing and avoids need for any ‘tube heater’), and Low Phi Kit ability to test al sample types, many other adiabatic accurate thermal and pressure measurement as wel as (containing low phi containers, special feed through tubes calorimeters do not. It also must be realised that the most control ed flue gas analysis capability. and burst disk assembly). important data is obtained near the onset where there is possibility for remedial action. 18 19 Main Heading Main Heading ARC Testing of Lithium Batteries main header Safety of Lithium Batteries is of Major Battery Components Safety Testing of Batteries bat ery then may or may not further react and disintegrate. Global Concern In addition with the bat ery connected to a power supply Many groups, mainly in academic environments, are using The ARC calorimeter can the effect of overvoltage charging or discharging can be In the past 10 years rechargeable lithium bat eries have the ARC to study bat ery materials either separately or in accommodate smal er determined. Other tests include nail penetration, crush, been introduced to the market, initial y in specialist uses but combination. The aim is to develop new bat ery chemistries bat eries; coin cel , AA, even tests to simulate water immersion have been today commonly applied. Lithium bat eries have excel ent and configurations. 4/5A, 18650, 26650, at empted. These tests al ow a quantitative determination of use characteristics, including the highest charge density. prismatics and lithium An experienced group is in heat release from internal short. Such tests can be However the chemistry (initial y involving lithium ions being polymer pouch bat eries. A Dalhousie University, Nova implemented with the THT BSU Option. intercalated on carbon based anodes, delithiated spinel big advantage of any bat ery Scotia; headed by Professor cathodes and flammable electrolytes), led to instability and is that it may be tested in an Jeff Dahn. The data shown potential for flammable disintegration. There have been open environment. As the Temperature as a Function of Time below is from his laboratory many reports of notebooks and phones catching fire. bat ery has its own case, this reduces phi to one. The bat ery and reproduced with his 500 Bat eries may be affected by heat and also wil produce can be positioned within the calorimeter in several ways. permission. 450 heat upon discharge. Huge effort has been put in to ) Data from an 18650 bat ery is il ustrated. C°( 400 development of safer chemistries as wel as improved Bat ery material testing has ET 350 performance. In smal er bat eries relative heat loss capacity been carried out on anode A Temperature Rate as a Function of Temperature R 300 is good – but as the bat ery gets larger (or is used as a and cathode materials, electrolytes and their mixtures. ER 250 pack) the bat ery becomes more adiabatic. Today there is Testing has been performed on bat ery component material 100 U ) T 200 the aim to ‘scale up’, to incorporate lithium bat eries into A after bat ery charging, it is then removed giving complex ni Thermal Stability Testing R m Battery Disintegration E 150 power tools, planes, cars and buses. In addition newer products. / P C of a Charged 18650 Battery ° 10 M 100 applications are more demanding, power tools and ( E E T 50 vehicles require fast discharge – producing more heat TA Cathode Reaction R 0 output. There is the need for safe bat eries – and the ARC Family of Battery Components 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 E 1 R T I M E ( m i n ) is the calorimeter of choice for this application. UT 100.000 AR 0.1 E SEI Reaction Separator Melting Testing of Batteries under Use Conditions ) P There are 5 Categories of Application n M i E Anode Reaction T Testing of bat eries under use conditions requires connection of ARC to Lithium Batteries m 10.000 0.01 / 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 to a bat ery cycler. The bat ery can be connected to leads C° T E M P E R A T U R E ( ° C ) ( to al ow 2 or 4 wire measurement. To facilitate this THT Battery components testing and t 1.000 offer a range of single channel cyclers that integrate with d/ With bat eries, the simplest test is ‘effect of heat upon the development of new battery chemistries T the ARC software to al ow control by the ARC and a d bat ery’, but it is also possible to connect cables to the bat ery synchronised single data set to be obtained. Complete batteries and packs g 0.100 for 2 or 4 wire measurement, e.g. of voltage during test. for safety studies oL Bat eries can be tested at any State of Charge or at any age This al ows voltage and current measure-ments during to determine variation in stability. Aside from onset the ARC test Battery heat output under use charging, discharging, cycling and shorting and other and abuse conditions 0.01 160 200 240 wil determine self heating at al temperatures – and thus gives abuse tests to be carried out in-situ within the ARC. T E M P E R A T U R E ( ° C ) much more information than ‘Hot Box’ and other empirical Battery heat output under normal The tests may be 3.9 -250 tests. The final potential of the bat ery to remain intact or ) conditions for heat output, efficiency V -200 ( 3.8 10 carried out at various disintegrate is important. Ejection of bat ery components wil e and lifecycle studies 150 ga (a), LICoO t 2 (1) d i s c h a r g e / c h a r g e 3.7 l 100 1 Stopped at 220 °C be associated with fire as the lithium reacts with air. o V rates to measure heat V Battery performance and the temperature O ) 50 & L 3.6 T 0.1 ) A distribution over the surface of the battery ni Internal pressure can be measured during temperature release under these 0 A G m E 3.5 m 10 ( -50 / increase and exothermic reaction. The bat ery can be held conditions. Continual T (b), LICoO C 2 (2) N -100 3.4 E ° 1 in a pressure tight chamber inside the calorimeter. The cycling (or testing with R ( -150 R t U 0.1 pressure rise when the bat ery vents can be recorded and batteries that have C -200 d/ 10 the gas released can be later analysed. Bat eries develop been subject to multiple T 45 50 d (c), LICoO2 (3) 1 significant pressure and therefore care must be taken in cycles external y) wil ) carrying out pressure contained tests. al ow information on C 40 45 ° T 0.1 ( e E m 120 160 200 240 280 320 lifecycle and efficiency R 35 40 p UT B T E M P E R A T U R E ( ° C ) to be determined. A a R t Testing of Batteries under Abuse Conditions t E 30 35 e P r THT’s Battery Options y ME ARC data is complex. Typical y several reactions occur that The ARC is ideal for testing heat effects associated with T 25 30 (BSU and KSU) al ow overlap. bat ery abuse. Such tests are rapid and commence computer controlled 20 25 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 typical y near ambient temperature. Simply by connecting use and abuse tests. T I M E ( m i n ) The application of the ARC in the field of lithium bat eries the bat ery to cables, external shorting tests can be carried 20 is wide. Only an overview is given here. Contact THT for 21 out. The bat ery temperature is likely to rise 100°C – the a separate detailed Brochure: ARC-Battery Applications. Main Heading Main Heading ARC Testing of Lithium Batteries main header Safety of Lithium Batteries is of Major Battery Components Safety Testing of Batteries bat ery then may or may not further react and disintegrate. Global Concern In addition with the bat ery connected to a power supply Many groups, mainly in academic environments, are using The ARC calorimeter can the effect of overvoltage charging or discharging can be In the past 10 years rechargeable lithium bat eries have the ARC to study bat ery materials either separately or in accommodate smal er determined. Other tests include nail penetration, crush, been introduced to the market, initial y in specialist uses but combination. The aim is to develop new bat ery chemistries bat eries; coin cel , AA, even tests to simulate water immersion have been today commonly applied. Lithium bat eries have excel ent and configurations. 4/5A, 18650, 26650, at empted. These tests al ow a quantitative determination of use characteristics, including the highest charge density. prismatics and lithium An experienced group is in heat release from internal short. Such tests can be However the chemistry (initial y involving lithium ions being polymer pouch bat eries. A Dalhousie University, Nova implemented with the THT BSU Option. intercalated on carbon based anodes, delithiated spinel big advantage of any bat ery Scotia; headed by Professor cathodes and flammable electrolytes), led to instability and is that it may be tested in an Jeff Dahn. The data shown potential for flammable disintegration. There have been open environment. As the Temperature as a Function of Time below is from his laboratory many reports of notebooks and phones catching fire. bat ery has its own case, this reduces phi to one. The bat ery and reproduced with his 500 Bat eries may be affected by heat and also wil produce can be positioned within the calorimeter in several ways. permission. 450 heat upon discharge. Huge effort has been put in to ) Data from an 18650 bat ery is il ustrated. C°( 400 development of safer chemistries as wel as improved Bat ery material testing has ET 350 performance. In smal er bat eries relative heat loss capacity been carried out on anode A Temperature Rate as a Function of Temperature R 300 is good – but as the bat ery gets larger (or is used as a and cathode materials, electrolytes and their mixtures. ER 250 pack) the bat ery becomes more adiabatic. Today there is Testing has been performed on bat ery component material 100 U ) T 200 the aim to ‘scale up’, to incorporate lithium bat eries into A after bat ery charging, it is then removed giving complex ni Thermal Stability Testing R m Battery Disintegration E 150 power tools, planes, cars and buses. In addition newer products. / P C of a Charged 18650 Battery ° 10 M 100 applications are more demanding, power tools and ( E E T 50 vehicles require fast discharge – producing more heat TA Cathode Reaction R 0 output. There is the need for safe bat eries – and the ARC Family of Battery Components 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 E 1 R T I M E ( m i n ) is the calorimeter of choice for this application. UT 100.000 AR 0.1 E SEI Reaction Separator Melting Testing of Batteries under Use Conditions ) P There are 5 Categories of Application n M i E Anode Reaction T Testing of bat eries under use conditions requires connection of ARC to Lithium Batteries m 10.000 0.01 / 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 to a bat ery cycler. The bat ery can be connected to leads C° T E M P E R A T U R E ( ° C ) ( to al ow 2 or 4 wire measurement. To facilitate this THT Battery components testing and t 1.000 offer a range of single channel cyclers that integrate with d/ With bat eries, the simplest test is ‘effect of heat upon the development of new battery chemistries T the ARC software to al ow control by the ARC and a d bat ery’, but it is also possible to connect cables to the bat ery synchronised single data set to be obtained. Complete batteries and packs g 0.100 for 2 or 4 wire measurement, e.g. of voltage during test. for safety studies oL Bat eries can be tested at any State of Charge or at any age This al ows voltage and current measure-ments during to determine variation in stability. Aside from onset the ARC test Battery heat output under use charging, discharging, cycling and shorting and other and abuse conditions 0.01 160 200 240 wil determine self heating at al temperatures – and thus gives abuse tests to be carried out in-situ within the ARC. T E M P E R A T U R E ( ° C ) much more information than ‘Hot Box’ and other empirical Battery heat output under normal The tests may be 3.9 -250 tests. The final potential of the bat ery to remain intact or ) conditions for heat output, efficiency V -200 ( 3.8 10 carried out at various disintegrate is important. Ejection of bat ery components wil e and lifecycle studies 150 ga (a), LICoO t 2 (1) d i s c h a r g e / c h a r g e 3.7 l 100 1 Stopped at 220 °C be associated with fire as the lithium reacts with air. o V rates to measure heat V Battery performance and the temperature O ) 50 & L 3.6 T 0.1 ) A distribution over the surface of the battery ni Internal pressure can be measured during temperature release under these 0 A G m E 3.5 m 10 ( -50 / increase and exothermic reaction. The bat ery can be held conditions. Continual T (b), LICoO C 2 (2) N -100 3.4 E ° 1 in a pressure tight chamber inside the calorimeter. The cycling (or testing with R ( -150 R t U 0.1 pressure rise when the bat ery vents can be recorded and batteries that have C -200 d/ 10 the gas released can be later analysed. Bat eries develop been subject to multiple T 45 50 d (c), LICoO2 (3) 1 significant pressure and therefore care must be taken in cycles external y) wil ) carrying out pressure contained tests. al ow information on C 40 45 ° T 0.1 ( e E m 120 160 200 240 280 320 lifecycle and efficiency R 35 40 p UT B T E M P E R A T U R E ( ° C ) to be determined. A a R t Testing of Batteries under Abuse Conditions t E 30 35 e P r THT’s Battery Options y ME ARC data is complex. Typical y several reactions occur that The ARC is ideal for testing heat effects associated with T 25 30 (BSU and KSU) al ow overlap. bat ery abuse. Such tests are rapid and commence computer controlled 20 25 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 typical y near ambient temperature. Simply by connecting use and abuse tests. T I M E ( m i n ) The application of the ARC in the field of lithium bat eries the bat ery to cables, external shorting tests can be carried 20 is wide. Only an overview is given here. Contact THT for 21 out. The bat ery temperature is likely to rise 100°C – the a separate detailed Brochure: ARC-Battery Applications. Main Heading Main Heading The EVARC, Double & Triple Systems main header Battery Performance, MultiPoint™ & CryoCool™ The EVARC is unique to THT and has a calorimeter 25cm The EVARC has safety features built in that are the same Rapid Discharge CryoCool™ in diameter and 50cm deep. This has been designed to as those in the ESARC, including proximity switch and Power packs for Electric Vehicles and power tools are Such bat ery performance tests are typical ly commenced at accommodate larger batteries and battery packs as may automated gas extraction. In addition the software be used in Electric Vehicles, Satellites and other similar features will restrict the functioning to give shut down and Large or very large in size ambient environmental temperature. These may be below 0°C. To al ow this, the MultiPoint option includes CryoCool. This is a applications. The EVARC can do all that the standard quench cooling to slow and stop self-heating, preventing Designed to give fast, high power discharge simple method to reduce the calorimeter temperature with liquid ARC can do – but with bigger batteries. The EVARC can battery disintegration. nitrogen and cold nitrogen gas. accommodate the same THT Battery Options. Batteries come in all shapes and sizes and often it is Bat ery chemistry is tailored to minimise heat release during The BPS with MultiPoint may be used in conjunction with The EV calorimeter is constructed from aluminium and like necessary to test both small and large batteries. To multi-kW, short time discharge. ultra-rapid discharge single channel cycler supplied either the standard calorimeter contains 8 heaters built into the facilitate this, the EVARC was designed to utilise all by THT or the user. The MultiPoint can be used external y metal. This design enables the calorimeter to function with electronics and software of the ESARC. Because of this, it Information is needed not specifical y for safety, but on the from any THT calorimeter, i.e. directly in a power plant the same electronics (and software) as the standard is possible, for modest cost to have a 'Double System' ‘spatial heat release’ to al ow appropriate ‘Thermal within a vehicle. ESARC. The EVARC will heat more slowly and typically in with both EV and standard calorimeters. The calorimeters Management’ and to determine ‘Bat ery Performance’. tests a longer wait time is required – to allow thermal are exchanged in a few moments and set up is very The graphical il ustrations show a simple multipoint test. To address these needs, THT have developed a third stability. Pressure measurement is the same. rapid – offering the functionality of both calorimeters and Calorimeter, the Bat ery Performance Calorimeter, or BPC. the ability to test from Coin Cells to EV Batteries. Cycler Data It should be realised that with large batteries there is This is larger than the EV Calorimeter, but is accommodated increased risk. Typically batteries are not contained in within the EV Blast Box and uses the same electronics and 3000 4.5 sealed containers and therefore should a battery software of EV and ES systems. 2000 disintegrate with large gas release there is no likelihood 1000 4 V ) The BPC can test very large bat eries and packs in the same o of explosion. However there will be significant release of A 0 ( lt way as the EV or standard calorimeter. 3.5 a flammable material and fire. Typically tests ought not be t -1000 Current n ge carried out to completion with a large and energy laden e Voltage -2000 r 3 r (V battery or battery pack. -3000 u ) C -4000 2.5 It is not normally the aim not to take such large batteries -5000 to full runaway. It must also be realised that tests will take -6000 2 longer since longer times must be allowed for thermal 115 120 125 130 equilibration. In addition it must be realised that large T I M E ( m i n ) batteries will equilibrate thermally more slowly and heat gradients wil occur within such Spatial Temperature of Battery large samples as the self-heating 80 rate increases. ) Top of Battery C 70 ° 5mm from Top There are limitations ( 25mm from Top E – but the 45mm from Top EVARC 60 R Base of Battery offers potential to UT 50 carry out all battery AR safety and cycling 40 EP tests with large MultiPoint™ Option M 30 E bat eries – generating T The MultiPoint option may be used with any THT ARC data that cannot be 20 170 175 180 185 190 195 200 205 210 system, but is appropriate when rapid discharge tests are obtained with any to be carried out. This option al ows multiple thermocouples T I M E ( m i n ) other calorimeter. to be positioned on and around the bat ery. The Control Temperature as a Function of Time temperature at al points is recorded, the ARC can be control ed from any of these. Tests are started at a chosen 80 isothermal temperature and heat release causes ) 70 C temperature rise. Surface temperatures are recorded during °( the charge/discharge test. 60 ERU 50TAR40EP M 30 ET 22 20 170 175 180 185 190 195 200 205 210 23 T I M E ( m i n ) Main Heading Main Heading The EVARC, Double & Triple Systems main header Battery Performance, MultiPoint™ & CryoCool™ The EVARC is unique to THT and has a calorimeter 25cm The EVARC has safety features built in that are the same Rapid Discharge CryoCool™ in diameter and 50cm deep. This has been designed to as those in the ESARC, including proximity switch and Power packs for Electric Vehicles and power tools are Such bat ery performance tests are typical ly commenced at accommodate larger batteries and battery packs as may automated gas extraction. In addition the software be used in Electric Vehicles, Satellites and other similar features will restrict the functioning to give shut down and Large or very large in size ambient environmental temperature. These may be below 0°C. To al ow this, the MultiPoint option includes CryoCool. This is a applications. The EVARC can do all that the standard quench cooling to slow and stop self-heating, preventing Designed to give fast, high power discharge simple method to reduce the calorimeter temperature with liquid ARC can do – but with bigger batteries. The EVARC can battery disintegration. nitrogen and cold nitrogen gas. accommodate the same THT Battery Options. Batteries come in all shapes and sizes and often it is Bat ery chemistry is tailored to minimise heat release during The BPS with MultiPoint may be used in conjunction with The EV calorimeter is constructed from aluminium and like necessary to test both small and large batteries. To multi-kW, short time discharge. ultra-rapid discharge single channel cycler supplied either the standard calorimeter contains 8 heaters built into the facilitate this, the EVARC was designed to utilise all by THT or the user. The MultiPoint can be used external y metal. This design enables the calorimeter to function with electronics and software of the ESARC. Because of this, it Information is needed not specifical y for safety, but on the from any THT calorimeter, i.e. directly in a power plant the same electronics (and software) as the standard is possible, for modest cost to have a 'Double System' ‘spatial heat release’ to al ow appropriate ‘Thermal within a vehicle. ESARC. The EVARC will heat more slowly and typically in with both EV and standard calorimeters. The calorimeters Management’ and to determine ‘Bat ery Performance’. tests a longer wait time is required – to allow thermal are exchanged in a few moments and set up is very The graphical il ustrations show a simple multipoint test. To address these needs, THT have developed a third stability. Pressure measurement is the same. rapid – offering the functionality of both calorimeters and Calorimeter, the Bat ery Performance Calorimeter, or BPC. the ability to test from Coin Cells to EV Batteries. Cycler Data It should be realised that with large batteries there is This is larger than the EV Calorimeter, but is accommodated increased risk. Typically batteries are not contained in within the EV Blast Box and uses the same electronics and 3000 4.5 sealed containers and therefore should a battery software of EV and ES systems. 2000 disintegrate with large gas release there is no likelihood 1000 4 V ) The BPC can test very large bat eries and packs in the same o of explosion. However there will be significant release of A 0 ( lt way as the EV or standard calorimeter. 3.5 a flammable material and fire. Typically tests ought not be t -1000 Current n ge carried out to completion with a large and energy laden e Voltage -2000 r 3 r (V battery or battery pack. -3000 u ) C -4000 2.5 It is not normally the aim not to take such large batteries -5000 to full runaway. It must also be realised that tests will take -6000 2 longer since longer times must be allowed for thermal 115 120 125 130 equilibration. In addition it must be realised that large T I M E ( m i n ) batteries will equilibrate thermally more slowly and heat gradients wil occur within such Spatial Temperature of Battery large samples as the self-heating 80 rate increases. ) Top of Battery C 70 ° 5mm from Top There are limitations ( 25mm from Top E – but the 45mm from Top EVARC 60 R Base of Battery offers potential to UT 50 carry out all battery AR safety and cycling 40 EP tests with large MultiPoint™ Option M 30 E bat eries – generating T The MultiPoint option may be used with any THT ARC data that cannot be 20 170 175 180 185 190 195 200 205 210 system, but is appropriate when rapid discharge tests are obtained with any to be carried out. This option al ows multiple thermocouples T I M E ( m i n ) other calorimeter. to be positioned on and around the bat ery. The Control Temperature as a Function of Time temperature at al points is recorded, the ARC can be control ed from any of these. Tests are started at a chosen 80 isothermal temperature and heat release causes ) 70 C temperature rise. Surface temperatures are recorded during °( the charge/discharge test. 60 ERU 50TAR40EP M 30 ET 22 20 170 175 180 185 190 195 200 205 210 23 T I M E ( m i n ) Support & Service main Why header the ARC? Why THT? THT staff have been supporting ARC systems for an unbroken period of over 25 years! THT offer unparal eled Why the ARC? Why THT? technical knowledge and support in the area of chemical World Benchmark Safety Calorimeter Unsurpassed, Continous ARC Experience safety. THT offer an ongoing free of charge email and Most Widely Used and Understood Technology Unparal eled Technical Expertise and Knowlege phone support at al times over the lifetime of the instrument. Unrival ed Sensitivity, Versatility and Flexibility Uniquely Focused in Safety Calorimetry THT’s focus in this area and their worldwide reputation is unique. THT currently offer the ESARC, the EVARC and double and Tangible Benefits triple systems and upgrade instruments. THT also manufacture other instrumentation in the area of calorimetry. Highest Sensitivity THT is proud to be the premier manufacturer of safety Complete Specification calorimeters with an enviable reputation. THT is the World leader and strives to maintain this position. Greatest Range of Applications THT has a clear Mission Statement: Assisting Chemists and Latest Hardware Engineers Working in the Area of Safety and with Latest Software Hazardous and Reactive Materials. Most Options The brochure highlights tangible benefits of these 3 Worldwide Offices: England, USA, China instruments; as important as this are intangible benefits; aspects that are not visible; reliability, experience, support and back up. Intangible Benefits Lifetime Support (e-mail and phone free of charge) Highly Experienced Personnel Unrivalled Manufacturing Experience Largest Technical Group Largest Customer Base Worldwide Operation Support Service THT offers support for al users of ARC systems manufactured THT have offices and trained by al companies. This includes provision of Calorimeter service & support personnel Who’s Who of Users - using THT ARC systems Assemblies for CSI ARC users. This also includes parts for worldwide. THT offer service Partial Users List: non-THT manufactured instruments. THT also offers a ful contracts tailored to user range of spares and consumables for al instruments and a demand. Pharmaceutical Chemical National Labs Battery repair and service facility. First line support is undertaken GSK Dow NASA Sanyo from al THT Offices and qualified distributors. Such support is typical y phone and email response, THT commit to Pfizer Bayer Sandia Sony provide this without cost throughout the lifetime of the AstraZeneca Rhodia HSE Lishen instrument. Roche Henkel Qinetiq ATL Where appropriate THT wil supply upgrades either to older Consistency ARC systems or to those trading from standard to EV size. Sanofi Aventis Rohm & Haas ITRI BAK THT have worked with such specialist safety calorimeters Software and electronic upgrades are available from THT Schering Plough Ciba CEA Panasonic for over 25 years. Competitor products have been irrespective of age of instrument. To aid users of original CSI passed from company to company every few years! systems THT maintain a smal supply of pre-used modules. BMS Sumitomo NREL Samsung Amgen Solvay DSTL LG 24 25 Support & Service main Why header the ARC? Why THT? THT staff have been supporting ARC systems for an unbroken period of over 25 years! THT offer unparal eled Why the ARC? Why THT? technical knowledge and support in the area of chemical World Benchmark Safety Calorimeter Unsurpassed, Continous ARC Experience safety. THT offer an ongoing free of charge email and Most Widely Used and Understood Technology Unparal eled Technical Expertise and Knowlege phone support at al times over the lifetime of the instrument. Unrival ed Sensitivity, Versatility and Flexibility Uniquely Focused in Safety Calorimetry THT’s focus in this area and their worldwide reputation is unique. THT currently offer the ESARC, the EVARC and double and Tangible Benefits triple systems and upgrade instruments. THT also manufacture other instrumentation in the area of calorimetry. Highest Sensitivity THT is proud to be the premier manufacturer of safety Complete Specification calorimeters with an enviable reputation. THT is the World leader and strives to maintain this position. Greatest Range of Applications THT has a clear Mission Statement: Assisting Chemists and Latest Hardware Engineers Working in the Area of Safety and with Latest Software Hazardous and Reactive Materials. Most Options The brochure highlights tangible benefits of these 3 Worldwide Offices: England, USA, China instruments; as important as this are intangible benefits; aspects that are not visible; reliability, experience, support and back up. Intangible Benefits Lifetime Support (e-mail and phone free of charge) Highly Experienced Personnel Unrivalled Manufacturing Experience Largest Technical Group Largest Customer Base Worldwide Operation Support Service THT offers support for al users of ARC systems manufactured THT have offices and trained by al companies. This includes provision of Calorimeter service & support personnel Who’s Who of Users - using THT ARC systems Assemblies for CSI ARC users. This also includes parts for worldwide. THT offer service Partial Users List: non-THT manufactured instruments. THT also offers a ful contracts tailored to user range of spares and consumables for al instruments and a demand. Pharmaceutical Chemical National Labs Battery repair and service facility. First line support is undertaken GSK Dow NASA Sanyo from al THT Offices and qualified distributors. Such support is typical y phone and email response, THT commit to Pfizer Bayer Sandia Sony provide this without cost throughout the lifetime of the AstraZeneca Rhodia HSE Lishen instrument. Roche Henkel Qinetiq ATL Where appropriate THT wil supply upgrades either to older Consistency ARC systems or to those trading from standard to EV size. Sanofi Aventis Rohm & Haas ITRI BAK THT have worked with such specialist safety calorimeters Software and electronic upgrades are available from THT Schering Plough Ciba CEA Panasonic for over 25 years. Competitor products have been irrespective of age of instrument. To aid users of original CSI passed from company to company every few years! systems THT maintain a smal supply of pre-used modules. BMS Sumitomo NREL Samsung Amgen Solvay DSTL LG 24 25 History main header Specification The ARC has been the unique adiabatic calorimeter of Fully compliant to the American National Standards Institute: ASTM E1981 (E27 all revisions) choice from the late 1970’s to today. The ARC is used in the safety laboratory of most major Chemical and Design Pharmaceutical companies, many National Laboratories Calorimeter design to Dow Patents of 1980 and 1984; 2.5cm thick copper, 8 heaters. 6 measuring, control and safety thermocouples having responsibility for safety, the major Defence Laboratories of most developed countries and is used by the Temperature majority of Bat ery Manufacturers. 0-600°C temperature range (-40°C to 500°C with CSU option) Sensitivity Several THT staff have been working in technical sales, 0.002°C/min exotherm onset detection to 200°C; 0.01C/min to 500°C; 0.002°C/min in isothermal mode support and development continuously for 15-25 years. THT Temperature resolution 0.001°C; precision 0.2%, accuracy 0.1°C; thermocouples external and internal of sample is proud of its contribution to this area. Pressure Vacuum to 200 bar pressure range (to 2000 bar with alternative transducers) Pressure resolution 0.005bar; precision 0.02%; accuracy 0.05% Control Modes Adiabatic; quasi Isothermal; true isothermal; isoperibolic, ramping Adiabatic control to 0.01°C, Ability to track exotherms; to fol ow endotherms Past Present Operation in air, vacuum, inert gas, reactive gas, flowing gas Sample holders ARC Bombs: Titanium, steel, Hastel oy, glass, aluminum and variants Phi Range from 1.05 with 65cm3 holders; from 1.2 with ARC Bombs Adiabatic Tracking 20°C/min Dow Patent Calorimeter; 150°C/min Fast Tracking Calorimeter Safety 1 cubic meter containment vessel (al ows options); reinforced 3mm steel; proximity switch, door interlock Reflux Guard; side branch pressure line prohibits reflux (avoid need for tube heaters) Networking Worldwide access and use Workstation with Microsoft Windows and National Instruments (NI) Labview; 19 inch flat screen monitor keyboard and mouse Software Data Analysis software in Labview with ability that includes • Graphical and tabulation of raw data including Phi Corrected TMR plots • Data Conversion to Enthalpy, Power, Gas Generation; Temperature of No Return • Kinetic Modeling for thermodynamic and kinetic data analysis • Phi Correction through kinetic model ing • Report generation in Microsoft Word, Excel, html • Analysis of 9 data sets; 3 analyses on each, 3 merge dataset Real Time software in Labview that includes on-the-fly condition modification and ful control; remote operation and data transfer. Options Stirring and agitation 0-500rpm with ASU Option Dosing; Manual or Automated with MDU or ADU options Gas col ection with SSS and SSU options Lid lifting with PRU option Vent sizing options Cryogenic option Lifetime e-mail and phone support, 1 Year warranty Contact THT for more information on options 26 27 History main header Specification The ARC has been the unique adiabatic calorimeter of Fully compliant to the American National Standards Institute: ASTM E1981 (E27 all revisions) choice from the late 1970’s to today. The ARC is used in the safety laboratory of most major Chemical and Design Pharmaceutical companies, many National Laboratories Calorimeter design to Dow Patents of 1980 and 1984; 2.5cm thick copper, 8 heaters. 6 measuring, control and safety thermocouples having responsibility for safety, the major Defence Laboratories of most developed countries and is used by the Temperature majority of Bat ery Manufacturers. 0-600°C temperature range (-40°C to 500°C with CSU option) Sensitivity Several THT staff have been working in technical sales, 0.002°C/min exotherm onset detection to 200°C; 0.01C/min to 500°C; 0.002°C/min in isothermal mode support and development continuously for 15-25 years. THT Temperature resolution 0.001°C; precision 0.2%, accuracy 0.1°C; thermocouples external and internal of sample is proud of its contribution to this area. Pressure Vacuum to 200 bar pressure range (to 2000 bar with alternative transducers) Pressure resolution 0.005bar; precision 0.02%; accuracy 0.05% Control Modes Adiabatic; quasi Isothermal; true isothermal; isoperibolic, ramping Adiabatic control to 0.01°C, Ability to track exotherms; to fol ow endotherms Past Present Operation in air, vacuum, inert gas, reactive gas, flowing gas Sample holders ARC Bombs: Titanium, steel, Hastel oy, glass, aluminum and variants Phi Range from 1.05 with 65cm3 holders; from 1.2 with ARC Bombs Adiabatic Tracking 20°C/min Dow Patent Calorimeter; 150°C/min Fast Tracking Calorimeter Safety 1 cubic meter containment vessel (al ows options); reinforced 3mm steel; proximity switch, door interlock Reflux Guard; side branch pressure line prohibits reflux (avoid need for tube heaters) Networking Worldwide access and use Workstation with Microsoft Windows and National Instruments (NI) Labview; 19 inch flat screen monitor keyboard and mouse Software Data Analysis software in Labview with ability that includes • Graphical and tabulation of raw data including Phi Corrected TMR plots • Data Conversion to Enthalpy, Power, Gas Generation; Temperature of No Return • Kinetic Modeling for thermodynamic and kinetic data analysis • Phi Correction through kinetic model ing • Report generation in Microsoft Word, Excel, html • Analysis of 9 data sets; 3 analyses on each, 3 merge dataset Real Time software in Labview that includes on-the-fly condition modification and ful control; remote operation and data transfer. Options Stirring and agitation 0-500rpm with ASU Option Dosing; Manual or Automated with MDU or ADU options Gas col ection with SSS and SSU options Lid lifting with PRU option Vent sizing options Cryogenic option Lifetime e-mail and phone support, 1 Year warranty Contact THT for more information on options 26 27 TM ‘ARC’ is a registered Trade Name of Thermal Hazard Technology. © Thermal Hazard Technology 2009 Al Rights Reserved. © Al photographs, drawings and diagrams – Rights Reserved by Thermal Hazard Technology. The fol owing are thanked for the right to use information: Professor Jeff Dahn, Dr Manfred Bohn, Professor Malcolm Greaves This brochure is not for distribution within the United States of America. HEAD OFFICE 1 North House, Bond Avenue, Bletchley, MK1 1SW, England. 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