Food analysis Quality control in the food and beverage industry 02 Metrohm ... • is the global market leader in titration • is the only company to offer a complete range of ion analysis equipment – titration, voltammetry, and ion chromatography • is a Swiss company and manufactures exclusively in Switzerland • grants a 3-year instrument warranty and a 10-year warranty on chemical suppressors for ion chromatography • provides you with unparalleled application expertise • offers you more than 1300 applications free of charge • supports you with expert service through local representatives and regional support centers • is not listed on the stock exchange, but is owned by a foundation. • gives the interests of customers and employees priority over maximizing profit Metrohm – customized analysis for the food and beverage industry The law sets high standards Count on our support 03 The food industry is subject to particularly strict regula-As a leading manufacturer of instruments for chemical tions on the quality and safety of its products. This is not analysis, we are quite aware of these challenges you without reason: If contaminated food reaches the retail face. For this reason, we offer you not just the most market, the consequences can be serious – and not just advanced equipment, but rather complete solutions for for the consumers. the particular tasks at hand. Your partners at Metrohm are experienced professionals who develop customized Regulatory compliance applications for you and support you in every aspect of In order to guarantee the industry’s strict quality and regulatory compliance with our expert service. safety standards, reliable instruments and methods are needed in the laboratory. These instruments and meth-On the following pages, discover the solutions Metrohm ods must meet highest standards. Regulatory compliance offers the food industry in general and you in particular, is the catchword here. to ensure the quality and safety of your products. Challenge us! Metrohm instruments comply with numerous official standards, including the FDA regulation Title 21 CFR Part 11. Methods available from Metrohm for the food industry 04 The following table is organized according to product important for you, please contact your local Metrohm areas and lists relevant parameters that can be deter-representative. We are continuously expanding our range mined using methods developed by Metrohm. Moreover, of applications and will gladly assist you in solving your you can see which standards these methods fulfill. If you specific analytical problem. cannot find your sample matrix or a parameter that is Sample Parameters Parameters Parameters Parameters Parameters for titration for voltammetry for stability for ion chromatography for ProcessLab measurement Meat products, meat Chloride (NaCl) Pb in fish - Anions: nitrite, nitrate Chloride (NaCl) extracts, bouillon Kjeldahl nitrogen (AOAC 972-24) (DIN EN 12014-4:2005), chloride, preparations, spices, Sulfurous acid phosphate soups, sauces - Polyphosphates - Organic acids - Cations: Na+, NH +, K+, Ca2+,Mg2+, 4 - Biogenic amines in fish - Monosaccharides and disaccharides - Sugar alcohols Table salt, spices, Chloride (NaCl) Iodide, iodate - Anions: sulfate, sulfite, bromide, Chloride (NaCl) pickling salt, herbs, Total iodine iodide, chloride, iodate, fluoride, Total iodine and aromatic salts Fluoride phosphate, molybdate Fluoride Tricalciumphosphate - Polyphosphates Tricalcium phosphate Nitrite - Organic acids Nitrite - Cations: Na+, K+ Canned fruit, Oxalic acid Sn, other heavy - Anions: phosphite, nitrite, nitrate Chloride (NaCl) vegetables, and Total sulfurous acid metals (DIN EN 12014-2:1997), chloride, mushrooms, dried Acid content phosphate, sulfate, perchlorate fruit and vegetables Salt content - Organic acids - Cations: K+, Mg2+ - Monosaccharides and disaccharides Sweeteners, gelling, Methoxy and ethoxy - Anions: fluoride, chloride, bromide, and thickening agents groups nitrate, phosphate, sulfate Cyclamate - Organic acids Saccharin - Cations: Na+, K+, NH +, Ca2+, Mg2+, 4 Fe2+ - Mono-, di-, oligo-, and polysaccharides - Sugar alcohols - Glycerol - Sucralose, saccharin, cyclamate Coffee, cocoa, pH value and acidity - Anions: fluoride pH value and acidity chocolate, tea Ash alkalinity - Organic acids Ash alkalinity Chloride - Cations: Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+ Chloride Direct reducing - Monosaccharides and Direct reducing sugars sugars disaccharides in instant coffee Free fatty acids Kjeldahl nitrogen (ISO 11292) Iodine value Free fatty acids - Arabinose, fructose, galactose, Saponification value Iodine value glucose, mannose, sucrose, xylose, Saponification value maltose, lactose - Sugar alcohols - Glycerol - Caffeine Beer, vinegar, spirits, pH value and total Heavy metals - Anions: fluoride, chlorite, chloride, pH value and total acid and wine acid (Cd, Pb, Cu, ...) bromide, nitrate, sulfite, sulfate, CO content 2 CO content (Swiss Fruit Assn.) phosphate, oxalate Ascorbic acid 2 Ascorbic acid - Organic acids Free and total sulfurous Free and total - Cations: Na+, K+, NH +, Ca2+, Mg2+ acid 4 sulfurous acid - Transition metals: Cu2+, Zn2+, Fe2+, Volatile acids Volatile acids Mn2+ Chloride Ash alkalinity - Biogenic amines Sulfate Chloride - Monosaccharides, disaccharides, Total ester content Sulfate and oligosaccharides Total ester content - Sugar alcohols - Glycols Sample Parameters Parameters for Parameters Parameters Parameters for titration voltammetry for stability for ion chromatography for ProcessLab 05 measurement Fruit and vegetable pH value and Ascorbic acid - Anions: chloride, phosphate, pH value and titratable juices, fruit nectars, titratable total acid Pb (AOAC 979-17) sulfate, nitrite, phosphite total acid and jams Ascorbic acid Fumaric acid - Organic acids Ascorbic acid Sulfurous acid (AOAC 968-16) - Cations: Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+ Sulfurous acid (sulfite) (sulfite) Saccharin - Monosaccharides and Chloride Chloride (SLB 41-2.5) disaccharides Total phosphorous Total phosphorous Sulfate Sulfate Calcium and magnesium Cations: Ca2+, Mg2+, Potassium K+ Formol number Ash alkalinity Reducing sugars Formol number Reducing sugars Milk and dairy pH value and Pb (AOAC 974-13; - Anions: iodide, chloride, products titratable acid AOAC 979-17) phosphate, sulfate, nitrate, nitrite, Chloride thiocyanate, perchlorate, cyanurate Calcium - Organic acids Ascorbic acid - Cations: Na+, NH +, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+ 4 Kjeldahl nitrogen - Monosaccharides and disaccharides - Choline - Melamine Nuts Oxidation stability Fruit and vegetables Oxalic acid Zn (ISO 6636-1) pH value and titratable Total sulfurous acid total acid Chloride Ascorbic acid (e.g., oranges) Grains Cd, Pb (AOAC 983-23) Animal and plant fats Acid value and free Oxidation - Anions: phosphate, bromate Hydroxyl number and oils fatty acids stability (AOCS - Cations: Ca2+, Mg2+ Iodine value Hydroxyl number Cd 1b-92, Peroxide value Iodine value ISO 6886) Saponification value Peroxide value Native olive oils: Saponification value Acid value Free fatty acids Water content Crackers, baked Oxidation - Monosaccharides and goods stability disaccharides Instant noodles Oxidation stability Table and mineral pH value and acid U (DIN 38406-17), - Anions: fluoride, chloride, nitrite, Conductivity water, drinking water capacities CN– (sample bromide, nitrate, phosphate, Alkalinity Ca2+, Mg2+, and total preparation sulfate, iodide, silicate, carbonate, pH value and acid hardness according to chromate capacities Chloride, sulfate DIN 38405-13) ASTM D 4327-03 Ca2+, Mg2+, and total Sulfides/hydrogen EPA 300.1 hardness sulfide ISO 10304-1:2007 Chloride, sulfate Total and residual - Oxyhalides: bromate, chlorite, Sulfides/hydrogen sulfide chlorine chlorate Total and residual Permanganate index ISO 10304-4 chlorine CO content ASTM D 6581-08 Permanganate index 2 Oxygen content - Cations: Na+, NH +, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+ CO content 4 2 according to Winkler ISO 14911:1998 - Phenols Soft drinks Citric acid/citrate - Anions: chloride, nitrate, Acid content Phosphoric acid phosphate (cola drinks) - Organic acids Potassium - Cations: Na+, NH +, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+ 4 Total phosphorus - Monosaccharides and disaccharides - Sugar alcohols - Phenylalanine, aspartame, caffeine - Glucoronolactone Rinsing, cleaning, and Ingredients in rinsing disinfection processes and cleaning solutions, in the beverage acids, such as peracetic industry acid, pH value and conductivity pH measurement 06 pH measurement is one of the most important parame- ters in the quality control of foodstuffs. pH provides in formation on the quality of natural products such as citrus fruits, juices or dairy products for example. Furthermore, pH is an important parameter in the use of acidity regulators as preservatives. The requirements of the pH electrode that is used for measurement are just as varied as the many foods to be analyzed. The selection of a diaphragm that is appropriate for the sample is especially important since otherwise the electrolyte bridge can quickly become blocked by the sample, which leads to erroneous measurements. The following table shows examples of which Metrohm electrode is suitable for pH determination in which foods. Sample Electrode Properties (Order Number) • Precise measurements and very rapid response even in low-conductivity, weakly buffered solutions • contamination-insensitive fixed ground-joint Aquatrode plus Drinking water diaphragm (6.0257.000) • Maintenance-free reference electrolyte, variable outer electrolyte for special applications • Optimized length for sample changer applications General, e.g., wine and • Universal use spirits, fruit and Unitrode • Short response time after temperature changes vegetable juices, cereals (6.0258.600) • Contamination-insensitive fixed ground-joint confectioneries diaphragm • Especially for highly contaminated and protein- Protein-containing samples Porotrode containing or viscous samples (e.g., dairy products) (6.0235.200) • Low maintenance capillary diaphragm • Polymer electrolyte for uniform electrolyte flow • Robust electrode tip for measurements in semisolid Penetration measurements Spearhead samples (e.g., dough, cheese, meat) (6.0226.100) • Maintenance-free reference electrolyte • Easy-to-clean pinhole diaphragm Surfaces, small sample Flat membrane electrode • For measurements on surfaces or in very small volumes (6.0256.100) sample volumes 07 Rugged, reliable, and easy to use: pH meters from Metrohm pH determinations with the 826 pH mobile and pH, chloride, fluoride, and ammonium determina- 827 pH lab meters tions with the 780 pH Meter or 781 pH/Ion Meter Whether you are performing routine pH determinations The 780 pH Meter is the top choice if you need to know in the laboratory or out in the field – with Metrohm pH everything exactly: nine-point calibration, stirrer control, meters you never have to do without GLP: three-point electrode test for glass pH electrodes, method memory, calibration, automatic buffer recognition, temperature and RS232 interface. compensation, sample identification, GLP-compliant prin t out, and a large memory for storing measurement Besides measuring pH, the 781 pH/Ion Meter can also results – pH meters from Metrohm offer all of these determine the concentration of individual ions (e.g., Cl–, features at a very attractive price. F–, and NH +) by either direct measurement or fully auto-4 matic standard addition. Titration 08 Benefit from the know-how of the market leader An overview of some application examples Metrohm is the leading manufacturer in the field of titration. Sixty years of experience and the most comprehen-Total sulfurous acid in dried fruits SLMB 553.1 sive and innovative program on the market are proof of Iodine value of edible fats and oils AOAC 28.023 our strength. Our collection of potentiometric applica-Sulfurous acid in wine AOAC 940.20 tions that is available to you is huge. Benefit from more pH value of beer AOAC 945.10 than 150 proven titration applications from the food Total hardness of drinking water EPA 130.2 industry sector that we have prepared based on the Salt (NaCl) in meat and meat products AOAC 935.47 following publications: Total acid in nonalcoholic beverages AOAC 950.15 Acidity of roasted coffee beans AOAC 920.92 • Deutsche Einheitsverfahren zur Wasser-, Abwasser Oxalic acid in fruit and canned fruit AOAC 974.24 und Schlammuntersuchung (German Standard Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) AOAC 967.21 Methods for the Examination of Water, Wastewater, and Sludge) • Official Methods of Analysis of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC, U.S.A.) • Schweizerisches Lebensmittelbuch (SLMB; Swiss Manual on Food Safety) • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Electrodes for titration The correct electrode for every application Choosing the right electrode is crucial for successful titra-This is the case for many applications in the food indus-tion. For combined electrodes, the correct diaphragm try. If the electrode reacts too slowly, the solution will be must be chosen because otherwise the electrolyte bridge over-titrated and incorrect results are obtained. Metrohm can become blocked. The response behavior of the elec-offers an appropriate electrode for every need. The fol-trode is also important, in particular if the titration is to lowing table shows which Metrohm electrode is suitable be carried out to a defined endpoint. for which application. Area of application Metrohm electrode General Ecotrode plus 6.0262.100 Acid content of alcoholic beverages Unitrode 6.0258.600 Carbonate hardness, acid capacity of water, p and m values Aquatrode plus 6.0257.000 Determination of Ca2+, Mg2+ (complexometric) Ca2+ ISE 6.0508.110 Permanganate index Pt Titrode 6.0431.100 Titratable total acid in dairy products Porotrode 6.0235.200 Calcium content in dairy products Cu2+ ISE 6.0502.140 Kjeldahl nitrogen in milk Ecotrode Gel 6.0221.100 Vitamin C in fruit juice Double Pt-sheet electrode 6.0309.100 Formol number Unitrode 6.0259.100 Free fatty acids, hydroxyl number in oils Solvotrode 6.0229.100 Iodine value, peroxide value Pt Titrode 6.0431.100 Water determination according to Karl Fischer Double Pt-wire electrode 6.0338.100 General chloride, table salt content in food Ag Titrode 6.0430.100 Additional examples and practical tips on using Metrohm Titration» and «Electrodes for pH Measurement». These electrodes are given in the leaflets «Electrodes for can be downloaded for free at www.metrohm.com. Titration with Metrohm: Solutions for every need 09 and budget With the Food/Beverage Titrino plus, the Food/Beverage Compact Titrosampler, and the Food Titrando, Metrohm offers you three complete titration packages. No matter which package you choose, simple and reliable work is guaranteed: • intelligent exchange or dosing units ensure the use Food/Beverage Titrino plus – the economically priced of the correct titration solution and permit their moni-titrator for routine analysis in the food laboratory. This all-inclu - toring sive package also comprises an USB stick with 100 methods • all important titration parameters are stored with the stored for the most important applications in food analysis. methods; this means that even unskilled users quickly obtain reliable results • GLP-compliant data output either on a printer or by digital archiving Food Beverage Compact Titrosampler – the automatic titration station for higher sample throughput. With the Food/ Beverage Compact Titrosampler and the Salt Compact Titrosampler, Metrohm offers two all-inclusive packages that come with everything from the electrode and sample beaker to the method templates for the professional food analysis. Food Titrando – the high-end titrator for the highest demands. Frequently used methods can be started with the push of a single button. Complete traceability of measuring results, central data management through the client-server option, method templates, individual method development, possibility for complete automation, and much more. Thermometric titration: the ideal complement to potentiometric titration 10 Thermometric titration is a highly versatile determination This principle is the basis of thermometric titration. In a method and is the ideal complement to potentiometric thermometric titration, reagent solution (titrant) is con-titration. In principle, the method is suitable for every tinually added until the endpoint is reached. The end-reaction that creates a sufficiently large temperature point is seen as a break in the titration curve if the tem-change in the sample solution. This method is particu-perature is plotted as a function of the volume of added larly suitable in applications for which: titrant. • an appropriate potentiometric sensor is not available • an appropriate reference electrode is not available • the sample matrix would compromise or even destroy the electrode • an appropriate solvent for potentiometry is not available Thermometric titration – the principle Every chemical reaction is associated with a change in reaction enthalpy. This results in either an increase (exothermic reaction) or a decrease (endothermic reaction) of the sample solution temperature. 859 Titrotherm The 859 Titrotherm combines innovative, glass-free sensor technology and the unrivalled titration know-how of Metrohm. The instrument is automatically recognized when connected to a computer and hence, must not be manually configured. The software determines the endpoints based on the first and second derivatives of the titration curve; with additional optimization parameters, reproducibility can be further increased. Advantage of thermometric titration: The temperature sensor (thermoprobe) of the 859 Titrotherm is almost maintenance-free and can be used immediately without prior conditioning. 11 Application examples Unsaturated fatty acids in edible oil Determination of sodium content in food Determination of the content of unsaturated fatty acids The sodium content of foods is usually determined indi-in edible oil is based on the titration of weak acids in rectly through a precipitation reaction with silver nitrate. nonaqueous solutions with a dilute solution of a strong For this, it is assumed that the chloride and sodium ions base in alcohol. Problems that occur when performing are in a 1:1 molar ratio. However, this is not true if other potentiometric titrations on samples with low free fatty chemical substances such as sodium benzoate and mo - acid contents can be avoided with thermometric titra-no sodium glutamate or compounds such as potassium tions. Thermometric titration is simple and employs a chloride that contain sodium chloride are present in the catalyzed indicator reaction. matrix. This is often the case for sodium-containing foods. Established methods for the direct determination of so - dium such as AAS or ICP/MS have the disadvantage that the required instruments are very expensive. Thermometric titration is a cost-effective and easy-to-perform alternative. To carry out this method, the sample is first homogenized. Afterwards, the sample solution is titrated with an aluminum nitrate solution containing an excess of potassium ions in the presence of NH HF at pH 3. 4 2 Insoluble NaK AlF is formed in an exothermic reaction. 2 6 Karl Fischer titration Determination of water content in food, 12 When to determine water volumetrically, beverages, tobacco, and pet food when coulometrically? The water content largely determines the quality and The water content of food varies considerably. The water shelf life of many food products. The amount of water in content of beverages varies between 40 and 98%. Be - food can be easily determined by means of Karl Fischer cause of these high water contents, weighing out the titration. sample directly into the titration vessel is not feasible since the weighing error for small samples would be too Water exists in food in different forms. They range from large. Such samples are pre-diluted with methanol and clearly defined forms (for example, as in sucrose and measured by volumetric Karl Fischer titration. In contrast, alcoholic beverages) to those in complex cellular struc-pure fats and oils are measured preferably coulometri-tures (for example, as in dry fruits) in which the water is cally due to their low water content. bound to the surface as well as between particles. Moreover, water can also be trapped within the cells and Very few side reactions must be released through appropriate sample prepara-In foods, very few chemical side reactions that release tion before the measurement. water or react with iodine are expected. Substances such as aldehydes and mercaptans are present in only small Simple sample preparation amounts if at all; their amounts can be disregarded in For the latter types of samples, the use of a high fre-view of the usually high amounts of water present. quency homogenizer is recommended. Homogenizing releases the water and at the same time, stirs the sample. However, should side reactions occur, the oven method Because the sample preparation takes place directly in is an alternative. The sample is weighed into a vessel, the titration vessel, no additional water is absorbed and which is then sealed airtight. Afterwards, the sample is the water content determined is not biased. heated and the moisture transferred with a stream of dry carrier gas to the titration cell, where the actual water In most food, water is not distributed homogeneously determination takes place. Because the sample does not throughout the material. The sample to be measured enter the titration cell, side reactions do not occur. must be taken so that it statistically represents the aver-age. To this end, a larger amount of sample (if necessary) is comminuted and homogenized and the water content determined in an aliquot. Application examples 13 The following table shows by which technique various titration procedures can be found in the free Metrohm foodstuffs can be analyzed. Detailed information and monograph «Water Determination by Karl Fischer Titration». Samples Type of Titration Non-alcoholic beverages Fruit juices, vegetable juices, syrups, soft drinks vol. Frying fat, deep-frying, olive, peanut, sunflower canola, and Fats and oils coul. safflower oils (AOAC 984.20, ISO 8534) Dairy products, protein- Butter, milk, cream, yoghurt, cream cheese, curd cheese, cheese, containing products, milk powder, yeast, mayonnaise, egg yolk, protein, gelatin, vol. meat products meat, meat products Honey, molasses, sugar Various sugars vol. Candies, fruit gums, gumdrops, caramel, chewy candy, licorice Confectionery vol. sticks, toffee, gummi bears, marzipan, chewing gum, jam Cognac, gin, fruit brandy, liqueur, whiskey, wine, chocolate, Semi-luxury food cocoa beans, cocoa powder, (AOAC 997.10), (instant coffee (alcohol, coffee, tea, (ISO 20938), roasted coffee beans, green coffee ISO 11817), vol. cocoa, tobacco, cappuccino powder, tobacco, pipe tobacco, cigarette tobacco chocolate, spices) (ISO 6488) Nuts, dry fruits, Dry fruits (AOAC 967.19), dried fruit, nuts, almonds, dried vol. dried vegetables vegetables Fruit and vegetables Various fruits and vegetables vol. Barley, semolina, corn, rye, rice, soybean meal, wheat, cracked Grain products and wheat, potato and rice starches, cornstarch, soy and wheat flours, vol. starch glucose syrup, natural gums, breakfast cereals, oatmeal, popcorn Baked goods, breads, Noodles, breadcrumbs, zwieback, bread, cakes, crackers, vol. and pasta cookies, potato chips Seasoning mixtures, potato flour, mashed potatoes, baby food, Spices, other food vol. instant soup, packaged soup mix Pet food Canned pet food, fish meal, dog biscuits, flaked dog food vol. 901 Titrando plus Polytron: The samples are pulverized 874 USB Oven Sample Processor plus 852 Titrando: Place or homogenized directly in the titration cell. Thus, additional sample vial on the rack, set the temperature, and water content moisture cannot be absorbed during sample preparation. determination can begin. With the 852 Titrando, you can carry This guarantees unbiased results. out both volumetric and coulometric titrations. Laboratory automation 14 The complete range of automatic sample preparation from a single supplier Normally, for determining pH, total acid or chloride contents in liquid foods, accurate pipetting and dilution of the sample is sufficient. Metrohm offers you a wide range of products for the fully automatic preparation of liquid samples. On the other hand, if you are dealing with solid samples, such as meat, fish, salads, jams or confectioneries to name a few, sample preparation is more demanding. As a specialist in laboratory automation, we offer you many solutions for the fully automatic preparation of solid samples, too. Automation = time savings and higher accuracy Fully automatic titration of a homogenized sample: With the 815 Robotic Titration Soliprep, sample preparation In food and pesticide analysis, primarily chromatographic and titration can be completed in one process without fi lling methods such as IC, HPLC, and GC are employed in out multiple copies of sample tables or shifting beakers around. addition to direct titration. These techniques re quire that Mix-ups are prevented and standing time before analysis is the sample is available as a filtered liquid be fore it can shortened. be injected into the column. If carried out manually, preparation steps such as • pulverization / homogenization • filtration • pipetting / dilution are tedious and time-consuming. Furthermore, manual sample preparation always comes at the risk of biased results. In particular, for high sample throughput and if several different people are involved, consistent sample preparation quality can hardly be guaranteed. The 815 Robotic Filtration Soliprep Robotic Soliprep – automatic sample preparation 15 tailored to you needs With instruments of the Robotic-Soliprep-family, devia-tion in results and time-consuming manually performed routines are no longer an issue. The solid substance is just weighed out and placed in the sample rack – everything else is done completely automatically. Depending on the model selected, different steps can be combined – including the direct connection to a chromatograph or the the titration of the homogenized sample. Robotic Robotic Robotic Robotic Titration Filtration Flexible Soliprep Soliprep Soliprep Soliprep for LC Homogenization + + + + Fully automatic fi ltration: The 815 Robotic Filtration Soli prep Titration + fi lters away remaining solid matter from the homogenized Filtration + + + sample. A clear fi ltrate is the result that can be either directly Filling + injected into an analytical instrument or further diluted. HPLC/GC-Vials Connection to + a LC system Oxidation stability A proven method 16 743 Rancimat – analyze up to eight samples at Oxidation stability characterizes the resistance of oils and the same time fats and of fat-containing foods to oxidation. It is a Determination of the oxidation stability of oils and fats is stand ard parameter of quality control in the production the classic application for the 743 Rancimat. In addition of oils and fats in the food industry or for the incoming to vegetable oils and fats, fats of animal origin can also goods inspection in processing facilities. be analyzed for oxidation stability using the 743 Rancimat. For the determination of oxidation stability, a stream of Just as the pure substances oils and fats contained in air is passed through the oil or fat sample at elevated foods are subject to oxidation, which contribute to food temperature. This causes the oxidation of fat molecules spoilage. The 743 Rancimat can also be used to deter-in the sample to volatile organic compounds and other mine the oxidation stability of fats and oils in foods. products. The air stream carries these compounds to a second vessel containing distilled water. The conductivity of the water is continuously recorded. The time elapsed until these reaction products are formed and detected is called the induction time or Oil Stability Index (OSI). The 743 Rancimat permits the determination of oxidation stability in accordance with international standards. The software for recording and archiving the data in a data base with automatic analysis of the curves is included with the instrument. 17 Application examples Oxidation stability of fats and oils Oxidation stability of nuts If fats and oils are exposed to air and light for any length The microstructure of the fresh, intact nut prevents rapid of time, they undergo oxidation and hydrolysis reactions. oxidative spoilage. This microstructure is destroyed dur-The fats and oils then develop an unpleasant taste and ing the processing of nuts. As a result, fat oxidation is odor and are termed rancid. Oxidation stability is an accelerated and the shelf life shortened. Before the oxi-estimate of how quickly a fat or oil will become rancid. dation stability of nuts can be determined, the fat-con-Through the use of the 743 Rancimat, it is also possible taining phase must be separated from the rest of the nut to characterize the efficacy of added antioxidants. with petroleum ether. The isolated fat is analyzed in the 743 Rancimat. Oxidation stability of instant noodles An example of an application for the 743 Rancimat is the Oxidation stability of crackers or other baked determination of the oxidation stability of instant noodles. goods The noodles are deep-fried during the manufacturing The Rancimat method is a simple method for determin-process to make preparation by the consumer faster. Due ing the oxidation stability of fats contained in cereals, to the deep-frying step, instant noodles have a high fat crackers, biscuits, and other baked goods. content (up to 22%) and hence can become rancid after some time. Ion chromatography Ion chromatography (IC) is a standard method for food 18 Save time and costs through automatic sample analysis. Numerous main ingredients, minor ingredients preparation that affect taste and nutrition as well as traces of con-As in titration, sample preparation in ion chromatogra-taminants can be reliably and precisely determined by IC. phy is an important factor. Novel inline methods (some patented by Metrohm) permit the integration and com-Multicomponent determinations in a single analysis plete automation of sample preparation into the analyti-In addition to anions and cations, carbohydrates, organic cal process. This increases safety, reduces the number of acids, and polar substances can also be quantified in a manually performed steps, improves reproducibility, and variety of foods or drinks. The advantage of ion chroma-guarantees the traceability of the entire analysis (includ-tography is that chemically similar substances can be ing sample preparation). determined in parallel in a single analysis. Furthermore, the concentration of the analytes can vary from ng/L up Metrohm inline sample preparation methods for food to the percent range. Of course, all Metrohm IC instru-analysis: ments and the MagIC NetTM chromatography software comply with FDA regulations. • Inline Ultrafiltration • Inline Dialysis • Inline Dilution • Inline Extraction • Inline Matrix Elimination • Inline Enrichment • Inline Degassing • intelligent Partial Loop Injection Inline Ultrafi ltration reliably removes interfering particles from the sample solution and thus protects the separation column from contaminations. Application examples 19 Analysis of mineral water The anionic and cationic substances in table and mineral waters are analyzed by IC. National standards set binding limits for harmful ions such as bromate. The German drinking water ordinance originally stipulated a limit of 25 μg/L for bromate, but lowered it to 10 μg/L in 2008. The limit for mineral water is 3 μg/L. The EU and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) have set the same maximum bromate concentrations for their drinking water guidelines. Other ions such as iodide affect the taste of water and for this reason, are monitored in mineral water as quality parameters. 1.4 1.2 1.0 bromate; 0.5 µg/L U] 0.8 0.6 Intensity [mA 0.4 0.2 0.0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Time [min] Analysis of a mineral water sample spiked with 0.5 μg/L bromate with post-column derivatization and UV/VIS detection; column: Metrosep A Supp 16 - 100/4.0; eluent: 100 mmol/L H SO , 2 4 19.3 μmol/L ammonium heptamolybdate, 0.8 mL/min; column temperature: 45 °C; post-column reagent: 0.27 mol/L KI, 0.2 mL/min, wavelength: 352 nm; sample volume: 1 mL 850 Professional IC with 887 Professional UV/VIS Detector and 886 Professional Reactor. The ideal system for your ion analysis. 20 Analysis of dairy products For dairy products – be it baby food, yoghurt, milk or reagent. Ion chromatography permits the determination lactose-free foods – ion analysis is essential to quality of anions (e.g., iodide, chloride, phosphate, sulfate, control. Inline Dialysis is an efficient sample preparation nitrate, nitrite, thiocyanate, cyanurate, and perchlorate), technique for fully automatic removal of protein-contain-cations (e.g., sodium, ammonium, potassium, calcium, ing matrices. Hence, it replaces the time-intensive, manu-magnesium, and melamine), and also carbohydrates ally performed protein precipitation step with Carrez (e.g., galactose and lactose). Anion analysis of ultra-high temperature processed milk. IC with conductivity detection; column: Metrosep A Supp 5 - 100/4.0; eluent: 3.2 mmol/L Na CO , 1.0 mmol/L NaHCO , 0.7 mL/min; 2 3 3 column temperature: 30 °C; injection volume: 20 μL. Inline Dialyse – the ideal inline sample preparation for the removal of proteins, oils, and particles prior to ion chromatography. 881 Compact IC pro with 858 Professional Sample Processor and 800 Dosino dosing system for ion analysis with integrated Inline Dialysis. 21 Carbohydrate analysis How sweet is sweet? This question cannot be directly that can be reliably analyzed by ion chromatography and answered for many foods. The following table shows pulsed amperometric detection (PAD). The type of sample numerous sugar components in different food matrices preparation is also given. ation Matrix epar aose ol ose opylene glycol fi nose ylitol ylose abinose Sample Pr Pr Inositol Glycer X Sorbitol Mannitol Ribose X Ar Mannose Glucose Fructose Galactose Maltose Lactose Sucr Cellobiose Maltotriose Raf Maltotetr Maltopentaose Maltohexaose Maltoheptaose Potato extract P, D, F + + + Functional food P, D, F + + + + + + Food extracts P, D + + + + + Dairy products Dialysis + + + + + + + + + Baby food Dialysis + + + + Instant tee D, F + + + + Beer U, D + Beer wort F, D + + + + + Malt extract D + + + + + + + Vodka D + + + Apple juice D + Cola D + + + Diet cola D + + + + Orange juice D, F + + + + Instant coffee E, D, F + + + + + + + + Red beet extract D + + + + + + + + + + Corn syrup D + + + Maple syrup D + + + Sugar-free chewing gum E, D, F + + + + Candies E, D, F + + + + + Chocolate E, D, F + + + + + + + + + + + Polyols, sugar alcohols, monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides P: Pulverization, D: Dilution, E: Extraction, F: Filtration, U: Ultrasonic treatment Voltammetry 22 High detection sensitivity for a low price Voltammetry is an electrochemical analytical method to analysis. Several organic substances in food, for example, that provides information on the type and amount of vitamin C, vitamins of the B group or quinine, can also be substances contained in a dissolved sample on the basis determined by voltammetry. of a current-voltage relationship. The importance of voltammetry lies in its high accuracy and sensitivity, the 797 VA Computrace possibility of performing a speciation analysis and its The 797 VA Computrace is a state-of-the-art, computer-favorable price-performance ratio. assisted voltammetric analysis system. The potentiostat/ galvanostat built into the instrument guarantees highest Heavy metal ions that are present as contaminants in precision with reduced noise. The included PC software food can be determined with high sensitivity by voltam-controls the determination and calculates and archives metry. To this end, food samples must be digested prior the results. 23 Application examples Cd, Pb, and Cu (also Zn, Ni, Co, Cr, Fe, etc.) in Vitamin C in fruits, vegetables, and juices wine and other foods Commercially available fruit and vegetable juices can be The analysis of heavy metals in wine and other foods directly and straightforwardly analyzed as liquid samples. provides information on the type and concentration of Likewise, freshly pressed fruit juices can also be directly contaminants. In view of the importance of heavy met-analyzed. Beverages containing carbon dioxide should be als, the exact determination of these elements by high-degassed prior to analysis. performance methods is essential. With the 797 VA Computrace, it is possible to perform the determination Tin in canned foods of heavy metals in wine and other foods after UV diges-The metal used for making food cans is tin-plated steel tion. which is then coated with plastic. If the plastic coating is omitted, acid-containing foods in combination with atmospheric oxygen can cause the tin to dissolve from the can metal and diffuse into the food. Tin, which is poisonous, can be determined with the 797 VA Computrace. Iodide in table salt Iodine is an important trace element for the human body and is added to table salt to prevent deficiency symp-toms. Both iodide and iodate can be simply determined Voltammetric determination of Cd, Pb, and Cu in wine by voltammetry using the 797 VA Computrace. Atline process analysis with ProcessLab 24 Process control in food production ProcessLab – rugged and flexible design It is a long way before a raw material becomes a finished This is exactly what the Metrohm ProcessLab makes pos-product in the food industry. Numerous production sible – a robust and simple-to-operate analysis system steps, such as pulverization, filtration, fermentation as that is set up directly on the production floor. The sample well as heating, cooking, pasteurization, sterilization or is brought to the Process Lab and the analysis started by distillation, are involved in the preparation of a product the push of a single button. The system is based on and to make it storable. proven Metrohm titration and voltammetric compo- nents. ProcessLab features a modular design; it is config-In addition to the statutory final inspection and testing, ured to meet the user’s particular requirements and can control of the different production steps also has an be optimally integrated into process communications important role, which is to maximize throughput and through inputs and outputs (typically 4...20 mA). Only a yield of a product. Valuable time is lost if the product few minutes after taking the sample, the relevant process cannot be further processed or packaged while samples information is available to a LIMS or the master display. from the various production steps are being tested in the laboratory. It is thus a great advantage if these analyses Thus, ProcessLab is ideally suitable for rapid and inde-can be performed directly at the process site while pro-pendent process control in the production environment. duction goes on uninterrupted. A ProcessLab system consists of a TFT operating panel with touch screen and an analysis module that is tailored to the particular application. Due to its splashproof housing (protection class IP54), ProcessLab is well-suited for use in harsh production environments. ProcessLab system with operating panel and analysis module: Each system is confi gured with the relevant modules according to the user’s particular requirements. 25 Application examples Determination of iodate and fluoride in table salt Determination of table salt in instant soups production Table salt is an important flavor enhancer in the food Iodized und fluoridated table salts are subject to strict industry and is used in numerous products. In the manu-statutory regulations and require very careful monitoring facture of instant soups, it is important that the table salt of the additives. The analysis of these parameters can be concentration in the finished product is exactly in accord-performed directly on site with ProcessLab, which means ance with the specifications. Additionally, the crude salt that the table salt can be immediately processed without used in the manufacturing process is subject to an in - costly temporary storage. This increases throughput and coming goods inspection. lowers production costs. Moreover, automated sample preparation means higher reproducibility and compliance ProcessLab covers this broad range of applications in a with statutory regulations can be more accurately con-single system permitting quality control of the complete trolled. All requirements for comprehensive documenta-manufacturing process. Specifications for the documen-tion and traceability of single batches are fulfilled. tation of the entire process are met. Online process analysis 26 Customized online process control Straightforward network integration Production processes in the food industry must be conAll Metrohm Applikon online analyzers come with digital tinuously monitored. Online analyzers from Metrohm and analog data outputs. Thus, e.g. results can be trans-Applikon optimally fulfill this requirement. Engineered for mitted via analog 4...20 mA signals and alarms triggered continuous operation, these instruments enable the fully by digital outputs. Or digital inputs can be employed for automatic control of production processes – seven days remote start/stop commands. a week, 24 hours a day. Moreover, it does not make a difference whether a single parameter is to be deter-Robust design in stainless steel mined in a single sample stream or several different para-Metrohm Applikon analyzers are constructed for the meters are to be determined in complex, multiple sample rigorous demands of the production environment. The streams – the Metrohm Applikon engineers provide you housings meets the specifications of NEMA 4 and protec-with an appropriate system. tion class IP66. Metrohm Applikon offers two instru- ments with stainless steel housings, the ADI 201Y and Proven wet chemistry methods the ADI 2040 Analyzers, for use in environments where Metrohm Applikon online analyzers are based on wet even tougher requirements for hygiene and durability chemistry methods such as titration, colorimetry, and apply, such as in the meat processing industry. mea surements with ion-selective electrodes. For these methods, sampling and sample preparation are at least as important as the analysis itself. Metrohm Applikon has great expertise in this field and configures the sampling system to exactly fit your application including, e.g. filtration, sample taking from pressurized containers or degassing. www.metrohm-applikon.com ADI 201Y analyzer in stainless steel version for the food industry 27 Application examples Peracetic acid in beverage industry filling systems Sodium dihydrogen pyrophosphate in deep-Peracetic acid is used in the beverage industry to sterilize frozen potato products bottles before filling. Too much peracetic acid compro-Sodium dihydrogen pyrophosphate is added to blanch- mises the taste of the beverage, requires more rinsing ing water during the production of deep-frozen french and causes increased costs. On the other hand, if too fries to prevent a loss in color of the product. Too much little peracetic acid is used, mold can start growing in the sodium dihydrogen pyrophosphate compromises the bottles. Peracetic acid is determined by its reaction with taste of the product, while too little leads to a grayish iodide through which elemental iodine is formed. The coloring. The determination of the sodium dihydrogen iodine, in turn, can be determined colorimetrically. The pyrophosphate concentration requires thermal digestion entire analysis including sample preparation can be auto-of the sample followed by colorimetric determination of mated with an ADI 2019 analyzer. the orthophosphate content. Sample digestion and analysis can be automated with the ADI 2040 analyzer. Alkalinity of brewing water The alkalinity of water is the overriding factor for decid-Salt and vinegar in mayonnaise ing whether it is suitable for use as brewing water in the Salt and vinegar content are two of the most critical production of beer. Whereas water with a high degree of parameters in the manufacture of mayonnaise. Both in - hardness is only suitable for the production of bock beer, gredients not only affect the shelf life but also the taste the brewing of lager beer requires soft water. Therefore, and consistency of the product. Whereas the vinegar beer manufacturers must constantly monitor the hard-concentration can be determined by acid-base titration ness of the brewing water. The alkalinity of water is (as glacial acetic acid), the salt content is determined by determined by acid titration; the hardness of water is titration with silver nitrate. Both applications including given in mg CaCO per liter. The ADI 2040 analyzer is sample taking and preparation can be easily automated 3 ideally suited for the fully automatic execution of this with online analyzers from Metrohm Applikon. important analysis. Service that you can rely on: the Metrohm Quality Service 28 Reliable results for the lifetime of the analytical instrument Metrohm analytical instruments are engineered to deliver This includes: extremely precise measurements. As a result, leading in - • competent assistance with Design Qualification (DQ) ter national companies from the food industry also put • professional installation through compliant their trust in us for our comprehensive services. These Installation Qualification (IQ) services ensure that laboratory managers can rely 100% • Operational Qualification (OQ) guaranteeing that on results produced during the entire lifetime of their Metrohm instruments meet the equipment Metrohm analytical instruments. specification • all qualification and validation work, which is Regulatory compliance made easy performed only by professionally trained and certified The food industry is required to comply with all effective Metrohm service specialists laws and guidelines on food safety. Through Metrohm • user training taught by experts Compliance Service, we ensure that your company com- • competent requalification and revalidation plies with standards such as IFS, BRC, SQF, and ISO 22000. If you want to put a Metrohm analytical instrument into operation, we take care of everything else. Why Metrohm Quality Service? 29 The Metrohm Quality Service is available worldwide. service contract, for example, you can rely on the opti-Preventive maintenance carried out on a regular basis mum performance of your Metrohm instruments at any extends your instrument’s lifetime while providing for time, incur no additional costs whatsoever and benefit trouble-free operation. All maintenance work done from complete and compliant verification documenta-under the label Metrohm Quality Service is carried out by tion. Thanks to our service, you are perfectly prepared for our own certified service experts. You can choose bet - audits. ween different types of service contracts. With a full An overview of Metrohm Quality Service Our Services Benefit for the Customer Application support by means of our vast selection of Application Bulletins, Applications Notes, monographs, validation brochures, technical posters, Quick and professional solution to all arising application and articles questions and complex analytical challenges Personal consultation by our specialists per telephone or e-mail Competent users contribute substantially to reliable Training courses results Accurate measurements Certified calibrations, for example of dosing and Verification documentation for compliance with exchange units regulations and for efficient audits Remote maintenance Expeditious resolution of software questions Back-up support High data security Short response times and thus, rapid problem resolution Emergency service, for example express on-site repairs Minimization of downtime Original spare parts, made in Switzerland and available Lasting, successful repair; short delivery times world wide Minimization of downtime Guaranteed spare parts available for at least 10 years Protection of your investment through long-term beyond instrument discontinuation date availability of spare parts and accessories Decentralized repair workshops located around the Quality repairs done quickly, so your instruments world and a central workshop in Switzerland are ready for use again Thanks to Metrohm Quality Service, you can rely on your results for the lifetime of the analytical instrument. We look forward to a trustworthy partnership. Ordering information 30 pH Measurement 2.826.0110 826 mobile pH meter with carrying case and electrode 2.827.021x 827 pH lab IrDA with Unitrode 2.780.0010 780 pH Meter, high precision pH meter with Unitrode 2.781.0010 781 pH/Ion Meter with Unitrode 2.867.0110 867 pH Module with Touch Control 2.867.0210 867 pH Module with tiamo TM light Titration 2.848.1010 Food/Beverage Titrino plus 2.136.0010 859 Titrotherm 2.848.1020 Food/Beverage Titrino plus with printer 2.848.2010 Salt Titrino plus 2.848.1020 Salt Titrino plus with printer 2.905.4010 Food Titrando with tiamo TM light Water Determination according to Karl Fischer Coulometric KF Titration 2.851.0010 851 Titrando including titration vessel, generator electrode with diaphragm and 801 Magnetic Stirrer 2.851.0110 851 Titrando including titration vessel, generator electrode without diaphragm, without 801 Magnetic Stirrer 2.852.0050 852 Titrando including vol. and coul. titration vessel, generator electrode with diaphragm and 801 Magnetic Stirrer 2.852.0150 852 Titrando including vol. and coul. titration vessel, generator electrode without diaphragm, without 801 Magnetic Stirrer 2.801.0040 801 Magnetic Stirrer with titration stand Volumetric KF Titration 2.890.0110 890 Titrando with 840 Touch Control 2.890.0210 890 Titrando with tiamo TM light 2.870.1010 870 KF Titrino plus complete 2.901.0010 901 Titrando including titration vessel and indicator electrode KF Sample Preparation 2.860.0010 860 KF Thermoprep 2.874.0010 874 USB Oven Sample Processor 2.136.0100 Polytron PT 1300 D Automation 2.862.1010 Food/Beverage Compact Titrosampler 2.862.1110 Food/Beverage Compact Titrosampler with printer 2.862.2010 Salt Compact Titrosampler 2.862.2110 Salt Compact Titrosampler with printer 2.815.1110 815 Robotic Titration Soliprep 2.815.2110 815 Robotic Flexible Soliprep 2.815.3110 815 Robotic Filtration Soliprep 2.815.4110 815 Robotic Soliprep for LC 31 Ion Chromatography 2.850.3030 850 Professional IC AnCat – MCS for anion and cation determinations 2.881.0030 881 Compact IC pro Anion – MCS for the analysis of dairy products 2.887.0010 887 Professional UV/VIS Detector for bromate determination in water samples 2.886.0110 886 Professional Reactor for post-column derivatization 2.871.0010 871 Advanced Bioscan for pulsed amperometric detection of carbohydrates 2.858.0020 858 Professional Sample Processor for the automation of determinations 2.800.0010 800 Dosino for full automatic liquid handling of samples 6.5330.000 IC equipment for dialysis 6.5330.010 IC equipment for ultrafiltration 6.5330.020 IC equipment for dilution 6.6059.222 MagIC NetTM 2.2 Professional CD: 1 License 6.1031.410 Metrosep A Supp 16 - 100/4.0 for bromate determination 6.1006.510 Metrosep A Supp 5 - 100/4.0 for anion determination Oxidation Stability 2.743.0014 743 Rancimat for oils and fats (230 V) including software and accessories 2.743.0015 743 Rancimat for oils and fats (115 V) including software and accessories Voltammetry 2.797.0010 797 VA Computrace for trace analysis (manual operation) MVA-2 797 VA Computrace system for trace analysis with automatic standard addition (consisting of 797 VA Computrace with two 800 Dosinos for automatic addition of auxiliary solutions) MVA-3 Fully automated 797 VA Computrace system for trace analysis (consisting of 797 VA Computrace with 863 Compact VA Autosampler and two 800 Dosinos for automatic addition of auxiliary solutions; automatic processing of up to 18 samples) Process Analysis 2.875.0010 875 ProcessLab Base Unit with TFT operating panel, left-hinged door 2.875.0020 875 ProcessLab Base Unit with TFT operating panel, right-hinged door 2.875.0510 875 ProcessLab Base Unit with TFT operating panel including touch function, left-hinged door 2.875.0520 875 ProcessLab Base Unit with TFT operating panel including touch function, right-hinged door 2.875.0210 875 ProcessLab Base Unit VA with TFT operating panel including touch function, right-hinged door food.metrohm.com witzerland G, CH-9101 Herisau, S ohm A ; printed by Metr SW -03 Subject to change without prior notice Layout by Ecknauer+Schoch A 8.000.5023EN – 2011